“…It has been found that hunting motions (self-excited oscillation due to instability) significantly affect the vibration and stress of car bodies (Li, Wu, Liu, Wu, & Zeng, 2022) and bogie frames (Qu, Wang, Zhang, Li, & Wei, 2021) and further reduce their fatigue life. Meanwhile, wheel polygonization (periodic out-of-roundness) has been found to affect the vibration and stress of bogie frames (Sun, Wei, Liu, Dai, Qu, & Zhao, 2022), wheel axles (Zhang, Wang, Zhang, Zhu, & Yang, 2021) and bearings (Wang, Allen, Mei, Wang, Yin, & Zhang, 2019; Hou et al. , 2023) and further reduce their fatigue life.…”