Measured and self-reported olfactory function in voluntary Norwegian adults

Heian, Ingrid Torvik; Helvik, Anne-Sofie; Hummel, Thomas; Øie, Marte Rystad; Nordgård, Ståle; Bratt, Mette; Thorstensen, Wenche Moe

doi:10.1007/s00405-022-07298-7

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 45 publications

(90 reference statements)

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“…Our data suggested that the CRI-Education sub-score may have a minor contribution in women, as indicated in a previous study [ 17 ]. Instead, Heian and colleagues showed that men with low education had lower olfactory function scores after a comparison between self-reported tests and Sniffin’ sticks data analysis [ 40 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender-Related Differences in the Correlation between Odor Threshold, Discrimination, Identification, and Cognitive Reserve Index in Healthy Subjects

Masala

Solla

Loy

2023

Biology

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Background: Many studies suggested that olfactory function could be associated with semantic memory, executive function, and verbal fluency. However, the gender-related association between olfactory function and the cognitive domain is not well investigated. The aim of this study was to estimate gender-related differences in the relationship between olfactory function and each specific cognitive domain of the Cognitive Reserve Index (CRI) questionnaire, such as education, working activity, and leisure time in healthy subjects. Methods: Two hundred and sixty-nine participants were recruited (158 women and 111 men), with a mean age of 48.1 ± 18.6 years. The CRI questionnaire and Sniffin’ Sticks test were used to evaluate the cognitive reserve and the olfactory function, respectively. Results: In all subjects, significant associations between the odor threshold versus CRI-Education, between the odor discrimina-tion and identification versus CRI-Working activity and CRI-Leisure Time, were found. In women, odor threshold, discrimination, and identification were associated with CRI-Leisure Time, while in men, only a significant association between odor threshold and CRI-Education was observed. Conclusions: Our data, showing significant gender-related associations between olfactory function and CRI scores, suggested the use of olfactory evaluation and cognitive reserve as an important screening tool for the early detection of mild cognitive impairment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender-Related Differences in the Correlation between Odor Threshold, Discrimination, Identification, and Cognitive Reserve Index in Healthy Subjects

Masala

Solla

Loy

2023

Biology

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Association of prior military service with olfactory function among older adults

Chiu,

Suleiman,

Nyenhuis

et al. 2024

Laryngoscope Investig Oto

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ObjectiveOlfactory dysfunction (OD) is a condition primarily affecting older adults. Several factors have been implicated in OD, such as age, socioeconomic status, and neurodegenerative disease; however, the effect of military service still requires additional investigation. Here, we aim to determine if there is an association between prior military service and OD among older adults.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study included 2268 adults from Round 1 of the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project. OD was defined as 0–3 odors correctly identified on the 5‐item Sniffin' Sticks test. Bivariate analysis was conducted to calculate crude odds ratios (cOR) for the association of prior military service with OD and identify covariates for regression. Associations between prior military service and OD were assessed using logistic regression, and adjusted odds ratios (aOR) were calculated controlling for age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, stroke history, dementia, diabetes, and mental health. All analyses were weighted using survey weights to account for sampling design.ResultsOD was present in 489 adults (21.6%). Among those with OD, the average age was 71.0 ± 7.9 years, whereas the average age in those without OD was 67.0 ± 7.2 years. Among adults with OD, 34.4% reported prior military service, compared to 27.7% of adults without OD (cOR = 1.37; 95% CI: 1.05–1.79). However, after adjusting for covariates, prior military service was not associated with OD (aOR: 1.09; 95% CI: 0.79–1.50). Older age (aOR: 1.07; 95% CI: 1.05–1.09) and worse mental health (aOR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.14–2.49) were associated with OD.ConclusionPrior military service was not associated with OD among older adults after controlling for covariates. More nuanced research is needed to examine correlations between OD and specific elements of military service such as duration, toxin exposure, and head trauma.Level of Evidence: Level 4.

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Diagnosed and subjectively perceived long-term effects of COVID-19 infection on olfactory function assessed by supervised machine learning

Lötsch,

Brosig,

Slobodova

et al. 2024

Chemical Senses

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Loss of olfactory function is a typical acute COVID-19 symptom, at least in early variants of SARS-CoV2. The time that has elapsed since the emergence of COVID-19 now allows assessing the long-term prognosis of its olfactory impact. Participants (n = 722) of whom n = 464 reported having had COVID-19 dating back with a mode of 174 days) were approached in a museum as a relatively unbiased environment. Olfactory function was diagnosed by assessing odor threshold and odor identification performance. Subjects also rated their actual olfactory function on an 11-point numerical scale [0,…10]. Neither the frequency of olfactory diagnostic categories nor olfactory test scores showed any COVID-19-related effects. Olfactory diagnostic categories (anosmia, hyposmia, or normosmia) were similarly distributed among former patients and controls (0.86%, 18.97%, and 80.17% for former patients, and 1.17%, 17.51%, and 81.32% for controls). Former COVID-19 patients, however, showed differences in their subjective perception of their own olfactory function. The impact of this effect was substantial enough that supervised machine learning algorithms detected past COVID-19 infections in new subjects, based on reduced self-awareness of olfactory performance and parosmia, while the diagnosed olfactory function did not contribute any relevant information in this context. Based on diagnosed olfactory function, results suggest a positive prognosis for COVID-19-related olfactory loss in the long term. Traces of former infection are found in self-perceptions of olfaction, highlighting the importance of investigating the long-term effects of COVID-19 using reliable and validated diagnostic measures in olfactory testing.

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Measured and self-reported olfactory function in voluntary Norwegian adults

Cited by 4 publications

References 45 publications

Gender-Related Differences in the Correlation between Odor Threshold, Discrimination, Identification, and Cognitive Reserve Index in Healthy Subjects

Gender-Related Differences in the Correlation between Odor Threshold, Discrimination, Identification, and Cognitive Reserve Index in Healthy Subjects

Association of prior military service with olfactory function among older adults

Diagnosed and subjectively perceived long-term effects of COVID-19 infection on olfactory function assessed by supervised machine learning

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