Measure liquid viscosity by tracking falling ball Automatically depending on image processing algorithm

Ali, Sarah; Al-Zuky, Ali A.; Al-Saleh, Anwar H.; Mohamad, Haidar J.

doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1294/2/022002

Cited by 16 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Figure 5 shows that thermal resistance is dominant for particles with radii larger than nanometer-size for a viscosity of 1 mPa, which is the reason for the linear relationship calculated from the modified terminal velocity expression in Figure 4. Linear relationships have also been reported by others, e.g., Ali et al 10 and particularly Rubey. 11 To fit experimental data for a wide range of particle sizes, Rubey had to add an additional resistance term, not dependent on viscosity, in an ad hoc manner to Stokes' law.…”

Section: Consequence Testing Resultssupporting

confidence: 75%

“…There are, however, both experimental and physical arguments indicating that the flow resistance for fluids and objects in relative motion should also depend on terms other than only the viscous resistance given by Stokes’ law. It has, e.g., been shown experimentally that it is difficult to predict correct terminal velocities for varying particle sizes − when using Stokes’ law as the only resistance term. Furthermore, it is challenging to fit measured molecular diffusion coefficients when varying the system temperature using the Stokes–Einstein relationship. − The absolute permeability of porous media can be interpreted to depend on absolute temperature for small laboratory-size rock samples − and related to the utilization of geothermal energy in large-scale hot water injection operations. − The resistance terms used in all of these laws/relationships are derived from the stress tensor in the N–S equation in the limit of low relative velocities proportional to the force in eq .…”

Section: Introduction and Aimmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The physical origin of the thermal resistance and its quantification are given in the next section before testing and comparing its consequences to experimental data. The laws/relationships compared comprise the conventional and modified expressions for terminal velocity of spherical particles falling through water, − the Stokes–Einstein relationship, − and Darcy’s law . All of these laws/relationships apply a resistance force term derived either directly or indirectly from the N–S equation.…”

Section: Introduction and Aimmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dissipation Mechanisms for Fluids and Objects in Relative Motion Described by the Navier–Stokes Equation

Standnes

2021

ACS Omega

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This work demonstrates that an additional resistance term should be included in the Navier–Stokes equation when fluids and objects are in relative motion. This is based on an observation that the effect of the microscopic molecular random velocity component parallel to the macroscopic flow direction is neglected. The two components of the random velocity perpendicular to the local mean flow direction are accounted for by the viscous resistance, e.g., by Stokes’ law for spherical objects. The relationship between the mean- and the random velocity in the longitudinal direction induces differences in molecular collision velocities and collision frequency rates on the up- and downstream surface areas of the object. This asymmetry therefore induces flow resistance and energy dissipation. The flow resistance resulting from the longitudinal momentum transfer mode is referred to as thermal resistance and is quantified by calculating the net difference in pressure up- and downstream the surface areas of a sphere using a particle velocity distribution that obeys Boltzmann’s transport equation. It depends on the relative velocity between the fluid and the object, the number density and the molecular fluctuation statistics of the fluid, and the area of the object and the square root of the absolute temperature. Results show that thermal resistance is dominant compared to viscous resistance considering water and air in slow relative motion to spherical objects larger than nanometer-size at ambient temperature and pressure conditions. Including the thermal resistance term in the conventional expression for the terminal velocity of spherical objects falling through liquids, the Stokes–Einstein relationship and Darcy’s law, corroborates its presence, as modified versions of these equations fit observed data much more closely than the conventional expressions. The thermal resistance term can alternatively resolve d’Alembert’s paradox as a finite flow resistance is predicted at both low and high relative fluid–object velocities in the limit of vanishing fluid viscosity.

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Section: Consequence Testing Resultssupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Introduction and Aimmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introduction and Aimmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dissipation Mechanisms for Fluids and Objects in Relative Motion Described by the Navier–Stokes Equation

Standnes

2021

ACS Omega

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“…In this paper, we report a simple miniaturized gelation assay referred to as the ‘Floating Sphere Assay’ that requires sample volumes as low as 50 μl (Figure 1a). This method is adapted from the viscometrical falling sphere assay that determines viscosity of solutions based on terminal velocity measurements of a ball dropped into the solution via Stokes equation (Ali, Al-Zuky, Al-Saleh, & Mohamad, 2019; J. X. Tang, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Floating Sphere Assay: A rapid qualitative method for microvolume analysis of gelation

Tay¹,

Goh²,

Hui³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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1AbstractA huge, unprecedented demand for gelatin coupled with its implications on global sustainability has resulted in the need to discover novel proteins with gelling attributes for applications in the food industry. Currently used gelation assays require large sample volumes and thus the screening for novel gelling proteins is a formidable technical challenge. In this paper, we report the ‘Floating Sphere Assay’ which is a simple, economical, and miniaturized assay to detect minimum gelling concentration with volumes as low as 50 μl. Results from the Floating Sphere Assay are consistent with currently used methods for gelation tests and accurately estimate the Minimum Gelling Concentrations (MGCs) of gelatin, κ-carrageenan and gellan gum. The assay was also able to differentiate the strengths of strong and weak gellan gum gels prepared at pH 3.5 and pH 7.0 respectively. The Floating Sphere Assay can be utilized in high-throughput screens for gelling proteins and can accelerate the discovery of gelatin substitutes.2HighlightsWe report the Floating Sphere Assay that can be used to assesses minimum gelling concentration of solutions with volumes as low as 50 μl.Observing whether a glass sphere placed on the surface of a test solution floats or sinks is diagnostic of gel formationFloating Sphere Assay can distinguish a strong gel from a weak gelFloating Sphere Assay is a rapid and cost-effective approach to screen for novel plant-based gelatin alternatives.

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“…'Falling sphere viscometry' is another assay which measures viscosity of solutions based on terminal velocity measurements of a ball dropped into the solution via Stokes equation [8,9]. This technique has also been used to study gelation behavior of solutions [10][11][12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Floating sphere assay: A rapid qualitative method for microvolume analysis of gelation

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A huge, unprecedented demand for gelatin coupled with its implications on global sustainability has resulted in the need to discover novel proteins with gelling attributes for applications in the food industry. Currently used gelation assays require large sample volumes and thus the screening for novel gelling proteins is a formidable technical challenge. In this paper, we report the ‘Floating Sphere Assay’ which is a simple, economical, and miniaturized assay to detect minimum gelling concentration with volumes as low as 50 μl. Results from the Floating Sphere Assay are consistent with currently used methods for gelation tests and accurately estimate the Minimum Gelling Concentrations (MGCs) of gelatin, κ-carrageenan and gellan gum. The assay was also able to differentiate the strengths of strong and weak gellan gum gels prepared at pH 3.5 and pH 7.0 respectively. The Floating Sphere Assay can be utilized in high-throughput screens for gelling proteins and can accelerate the discovery of gelatin substitutes.

show abstract

Measure liquid viscosity by tracking falling ball Automatically depending on image processing algorithm

Cited by 16 publications

References 6 publications

Dissipation Mechanisms for Fluids and Objects in Relative Motion Described by the Navier–Stokes Equation

Dissipation Mechanisms for Fluids and Objects in Relative Motion Described by the Navier–Stokes Equation

Floating Sphere Assay: A rapid qualitative method for microvolume analysis of gelation

Floating sphere assay: A rapid qualitative method for microvolume analysis of gelation

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