Measles Outbreak at a Privately Operated Detention Facility: Arizona, 2016

Venkat, Heather; Briggs, Graham; Brady, Shane; Komatsu, Ken; Hill, Clancey; Leung, Jessica; Patel, Manisha; Livar, Eugene; Su, Chia‐Ping; Kassem, Ahmed M.; Sowers, Sun Bae; Mercader, Sara; Rota, Paul A.; Elson, Diana; Timme, Evan; Robinson, Susan; Fitzpatrick, Kathryn; Franco, Jabette; Hickman, Carole J.; Gastañaduy, Paul A.

doi:10.1093/cid/ciy819

Cited by 14 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…52 All described outbreaks occurred in adult custodial facilities, with the exception of one which took place in a youth custody facility. 60 One outbreak was observed in a privately operated immigration detention centre, 66 but the remainder were…”

Section: Study Selection and Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…45 56 59 66 One study identified potential exposure in the community through staff index cases at multiple locations (eg, food shops, healthcare facilities, petrol stations, etc). 66 Letters were sent to released people with known contacts to inform them of possible exposure and the need for screening. 56 59 Individual contact tracing can be unfeasible given the potentially large numbers.…”

Section: Contact Tracingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…50 67 Formats included written materials, 43 66 individual and group clinics, 59 debriefing sessions, 60 press releases and use of social media. 66 In four studies, key messages were disseminated with limited details, 44 50 56 57 whereas in one report of a TB outbreak in individuals with HIV more intensive engagement was used. 59 In others, content included disease-specific information (eg, transmission, symptoms, complications), infection control measures (eg, respiratory etiquette, hand hygiene practices, sharing of food or drinks), and the importance of adherence with treatment or immunisation.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…43 Two studies 56 70 recommended that screening be conducted on multiple occasions (eg, following exposure, on entry (for PIP) or employment (for staff), and on an annual basis), 56 and another reported daily temperature and symptom monitoring in affected prison units. 66 Both symptom screening (ie, temperature screening and oxygen saturation measurements) and serial testing were used to mitigate transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the one COVID-19 study. Persons in affected dormitories were tested on three separate occasions during the investigation period in order to classify cases as asymptomatic, presymptomatic, or symptomatic.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Managing outbreaks of highly contagious diseases in prisons: a systematic review

et al. 2020

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BackgroundThere are reports of outbreaks of COVID-19 in prisons in many countries. Responses to date have been highly variable and it is not clear whether public health guidance has been informed by the best available evidence. We conducted a systematic review to synthesise the evidence on outbreaks of highly contagious diseases in prison.MethodsWe searched seven electronic databases for peer-reviewed articles and official reports published between 1 January 2000 and 28 July 2020. We included quantitative primary research that reported an outbreak of a given contagious disease in a correctional facility and examined the effects of interventions. We excluded studies that did not provide detail on interventions. We synthesised common themes using the Synthesis Without Meta-analysis (SWiM) guideline, identified gaps in the literature and critically appraised the effectiveness of various containment approaches.ResultsWe identified 28 relevant studies. Investigations were all based in high-income countries and documented outbreaks of tuberculosis, influenza (types A and B), varicella, measles, mumps, adenovirus and COVID-19. Several themes were common to these reports, including the public health implications of infectious disease outbreaks in prison, and the role of interagency collaboration, health communication, screening for contagious diseases, restriction, isolation and quarantine, contact tracing, immunisation programmes, epidemiological surveillance and prison-specific guidelines in addressing any outbreaks.DiscussionPrisons are high-risk settings for the transmission of contagious diseases and there are considerable challenges in managing outbreaks in them. A public health approach to managing COVID-19 in prisons is required.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020178827

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Section: Study Selection and Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Contact Tracingmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Managing outbreaks of highly contagious diseases in prisons: a systematic review

et al. 2020

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“…It is also unknown whether these outbreaks were due to low vaccination rates or waning immunity, as immunization records are usually unavailable for detainees in ICE facilities. 53 Limited published studies exist on disease outbreaks within US detention centres, however, one study which examined a 2016 measles outbreak in an Arizona detention centre determined that a high proportion of detainees had received at least one dose of MMR. 53 Additionally, most of the detainees in US detention centres originate from the Americas, where median vaccination coverage has been >90% since the 1990s.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using the Surveillance Tool EpiWATCH to Rapidly Detect Global Mumps Outbreaks.

Puca

Trent

2020

Global Biosecurity

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Background: Non-validated, rapid intelligence surveillance data is becoming more important in detecting and responding to public health emergencies in the absence of readily available, validated surveillance data published by reputable sources such as WHO or the CDC. There is a lack of timely mumps surveillance data, which is particularly concerning as a resurgence of mumps outbreaks seem to be occurring worldwide in fully vaccinated young adults. Methods: Using open-source mumps data obtained between 2016-2019 from the rapid intelligence surveillance tool EpiWATCH, a descriptive analysis was conducted to identify information about the number of confirmed/probable/suspected mumps cases and also the date, country, and location of outbreaks. Results: Data entries logged into EpiWATCH detected 65 mumps outbreaks worldwide with a majority of outbreaks occurring in university settings, where a majority of students had been fully vaccinated against the disease. School and university settings were identified as high-risk environments susceptible to mumps outbreaks explained by the prolonged, close-contact nature in which students interact. EpiWATCH was able to detect reported cases of mumps within days of news outlets publishing this information; far quicker than the months it takes for case data to be published by validated sources. EpiWATCH was also able to capture mumps outbreak data not previously detected by WHO or the CDC. Conclusions: The resurgence of mumps in fully vaccinated young adults is likely due to secondary vaccine failure and possibly genetic drift of WT mumps strains. Global and readily available mumps surveillance data is lacking; however, EpiWATCH has been successful in somewhat filling these gaps of information and, more importantly, providing surveillance data in a timely fashion. Thus, data from EpiWATCH could be used in the field to improve the speed of detection and response to mumps outbreaks.

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