Measles and Rubella Viruses

Bellini, William J.; Icenogle, Joseph P.

doi:10.1128/9781555817381.ch87

Cited by 13 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 110 publications

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“…53, 54 The virus has also been found in other specimens, including cataract tissue and urine. Urine and TSs or OFs are about equivalent as sources of viral RNA, but the ease of obtaining TSs or OFs make these specimens the primary ones that are collected.…”

Section: New Laboratory Diagnosticsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Urine and TSs or OFs are about equivalent as sources of viral RNA, but the ease of obtaining TSs or OFs make these specimens the primary ones that are collected. 8, 54 Urine is often a source of infectious virus from CRS patients. Specimens for virus detection and for IgM/IgG detection can be transported by standard methods.…”

Section: New Laboratory Diagnosticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most rubella cases are virus positive on the day of rash and may be positive from seven to ten days post rash. 53, 54 Since postnatal rubella is a mild disease of short duration, special effort is required to obtain samples on the day of rash or shortly thereafter. Patients with CRS and congenital rubella infection (CRI) are IgM and virus positive for months; therefore, timing is less critical for individuals suspected of having CRS or CRI.…”

Section: New Laboratory Diagnosticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Patients with CRS and congenital rubella infection (CRI) are IgM and virus positive for months; therefore, timing is less critical for individuals suspected of having CRS or CRI. 54 …”

Section: New Laboratory Diagnosticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For some viruses (e.g., measles), the neutralization test has been developed as the standard assay for determinations of immunity. 54 …”

Section: New Laboratory Diagnosticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rubella

et al. 2015

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Rubella remains an important pathogen globally with approximately 100,000 cases of congenital rubella syndrome estimated to occur each year. Rubella vaccine is highly effective and safe when used across a population and, as a result, endemic rubella transmission has been interrupted in the Americas since 2009. Incomplete rubella vaccination programs result in continued disease transmission as evidenced by recent large outbreaks in Japan and elsewhere. Herein, we provide current results regarding rubella control, elimination and eradication policies, and a brief review of new laboratory diagnostics. In addition, we provide novel information regarding rubella vaccine immunogenetics and review the emerging evidence of inter-individual variability in humoral and cell-mediated innate and adaptive immune responses to rubella vaccine and their association with HLA alleles, haplotypes, and single nucleotide polymorphisms across the human genome. Finally, we conclude with a call for further research in rubella vaccine immunogenetics and its ability to inform a vaccinomics-level approach to novel vaccine candidate development and the need for a next generation vaccine that is affordable, easy to administer, and does not require a cold chain for optimal immunogenicity.

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Section: New Laboratory Diagnosticsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: New Laboratory Diagnosticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: New Laboratory Diagnosticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Patients with CRS and congenital rubella infection (CRI) are IgM and virus positive for months; therefore, timing is less critical for individuals suspected of having CRS or CRI. 54 …”

Section: New Laboratory Diagnosticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For some viruses (e.g., measles), the neutralization test has been developed as the standard assay for determinations of immunity. 54 …”

Section: New Laboratory Diagnosticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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