Crystallographic data for 620 C--nitro-O...H--N,O hydrogen bonds, involving 560 unique H atoms, have been investigated to the van der Waals limit of 2.62 A. The overall mean nitro-O...H bond length is 2.30 (1) A, which is much longer (weaker) than comparable hydrogen bonds involving >C~O acceptors in ketones, carboxylic acids and amides. The donor hydrogen prefers to approach the nitro-O atoms in the C--NO2 plane and there is an approximate 3:2 preference for hydrogen approach between the two nitro-O atoms, rather than between the C and O substituents. However, hydrogen approach between the two O acceptors is usually strongly asymmetric, the H atom being more closely associated with one of the O atoms: only 60 H atoms have both O...H distances < 2.62 A. The approach of hydrogen along putative O-atom lone-pair directions is clearly observed. Ab-initio-based molecular orbital calculations (6-31G** basis set level), using intermolecular perturbation theory (IMPT) applied to the nitromethane-methanol model dimer, agree with the experimental observations. IMPT calculations yield an attractive hydrogen-bond energy of ca -15 kJ mol-1, about half as strong as the >C=O...H bonds noted above.