“…This is primarily attributed to its user-friendly interface and accessibility features (Pandey et al, 2023;Ranjan, Gupta, Kapoor, & Bansal, 2023). Moreover, students frequently employ WhatsApp for various purposes, such as communication, sharing academic updates, and exchanging coursework (Ghandour, Woodford, Almutairi, & Al-Srehan, 2022). Furthermore, it serves as a valuable tool for instructional purposes and enhances communication between learners, teachers, and teacher educators (Khan, 2020).…”