“…In this study, the collinear track of first cycle observations is designated to be the reference track. Subsequently, collinear analysis computes each SSH point of collinear tracks similar to the reference track (Jiang et al, 2002;Jin et al, 2016;Yuan et al, 2020).…”
Section: Eliminating the Sea Level Variability Of Erm And Gm Datamentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Based on the previous regional MSS model, both models developed by Yahaya et al (2016) and Zulkifle et al (2019) applied the inverse distance weighting (IDW) technique for MSS data gridding. Although Jin et al (2016) and Yuan et al (2020) stated that the least square collocation (LSC) is the most suitable method for gridding, this study implements ordinary kriging for the regional UTM20 MSS model. The kriging method is similar to IDW, in which it weights the surrounding measured values to compute a prediction at predicted points.…”
Section: Determination Of the Utm20 Mean Sea Surfacementioning
confidence: 99%
“…Mean sea surface (MSS) is a term describing the average satellite-derived sea surface height (SSH) over a period of time (Andersen and Scharroo, 2011;Yuan et al, 2020). In general, MSS determination is a crucial component in supporting various scientific studies, particularly in the fields of oceanography, geoscience, and environmental science.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Additionally, it should be noted that every inadequate elimination of any inconsistencies will lead to the striated appearance of the ground track, namely, the so-called orange skin effect (Andersen and Knudsen, 2009). In addition, the 19-year moving average method proposed by Yuan et al (2020) is implemented in the UTM20 MSS model. This is to ensure that the residual errors of tide models can further deteriorate on the MSS model.…”
Contemporary Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 2020 Mean Sea Surface (UTM20 MSS) and Mean Dynamic Topography (UTM20 MDT) models around Malaysian seas are introduced in this study. These regional models are computed via scrutinizing along-track sea surface height (SSH) points and specific interpolation methods. A 1.5-min resolution of UTM20 MSS is established by integrating 27 years of along-track multi-mission satellite altimetry covering 1993–2019 and considering the 19-year moving average technique. The Exact Repeat Mission (ERM) collinear analysis, reduction of sea level variability of geodetic mission (GM) data, crossover adjustment, and data gridding are presented as part of the MSS computation. The UTM20 MDT is derived using a pointwise approach from the differences between UTM20 MSS and the local gravimetric geoid. UTM20 MSS and MDT reliability are validated with the latest Technical University of Denmark (DTU) and Collecte Localisation Services (CLS) models along with coastal tide gauges. The findings presented that the UTM20, CLS15, and DTU18 MSS models exhibit good agreement. Besides, UTM20 MDT is also in good agreement with CLS18 and DTU15 MDT models with an accuracy of 5.1 and 5.5 cm, respectively. The results also indicate that UTM20 MDT statistically achieves better accuracy than global models compared to tide gauges. Meanwhile, the UTM20 MSS accuracy is within 7.5 cm. These outcomes prove that UTM20 MSS and MDT models yield significant improvement compared to the previous regional models developed by UTM, denoted as MSS1 and MSS2 in this study.
“…In this study, the collinear track of first cycle observations is designated to be the reference track. Subsequently, collinear analysis computes each SSH point of collinear tracks similar to the reference track (Jiang et al, 2002;Jin et al, 2016;Yuan et al, 2020).…”
Section: Eliminating the Sea Level Variability Of Erm And Gm Datamentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Based on the previous regional MSS model, both models developed by Yahaya et al (2016) and Zulkifle et al (2019) applied the inverse distance weighting (IDW) technique for MSS data gridding. Although Jin et al (2016) and Yuan et al (2020) stated that the least square collocation (LSC) is the most suitable method for gridding, this study implements ordinary kriging for the regional UTM20 MSS model. The kriging method is similar to IDW, in which it weights the surrounding measured values to compute a prediction at predicted points.…”
Section: Determination Of the Utm20 Mean Sea Surfacementioning
confidence: 99%
“…Mean sea surface (MSS) is a term describing the average satellite-derived sea surface height (SSH) over a period of time (Andersen and Scharroo, 2011;Yuan et al, 2020). In general, MSS determination is a crucial component in supporting various scientific studies, particularly in the fields of oceanography, geoscience, and environmental science.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Additionally, it should be noted that every inadequate elimination of any inconsistencies will lead to the striated appearance of the ground track, namely, the so-called orange skin effect (Andersen and Knudsen, 2009). In addition, the 19-year moving average method proposed by Yuan et al (2020) is implemented in the UTM20 MSS model. This is to ensure that the residual errors of tide models can further deteriorate on the MSS model.…”
Contemporary Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 2020 Mean Sea Surface (UTM20 MSS) and Mean Dynamic Topography (UTM20 MDT) models around Malaysian seas are introduced in this study. These regional models are computed via scrutinizing along-track sea surface height (SSH) points and specific interpolation methods. A 1.5-min resolution of UTM20 MSS is established by integrating 27 years of along-track multi-mission satellite altimetry covering 1993–2019 and considering the 19-year moving average technique. The Exact Repeat Mission (ERM) collinear analysis, reduction of sea level variability of geodetic mission (GM) data, crossover adjustment, and data gridding are presented as part of the MSS computation. The UTM20 MDT is derived using a pointwise approach from the differences between UTM20 MSS and the local gravimetric geoid. UTM20 MSS and MDT reliability are validated with the latest Technical University of Denmark (DTU) and Collecte Localisation Services (CLS) models along with coastal tide gauges. The findings presented that the UTM20, CLS15, and DTU18 MSS models exhibit good agreement. Besides, UTM20 MDT is also in good agreement with CLS18 and DTU15 MDT models with an accuracy of 5.1 and 5.5 cm, respectively. The results also indicate that UTM20 MDT statistically achieves better accuracy than global models compared to tide gauges. Meanwhile, the UTM20 MSS accuracy is within 7.5 cm. These outcomes prove that UTM20 MSS and MDT models yield significant improvement compared to the previous regional models developed by UTM, denoted as MSS1 and MSS2 in this study.
“…Satellite altimeters have been providing global sea surface height (SSH) measurements since the 1970s, which has greatly improved oceanography, geodesy, and polar scientific knowledge, as well as many other Earth sciences (Chelton et al, 2001;Yang et al, 2020;Yuan et al, 2020). In 2011, China launched the Haiyang-2A (HY-2A), which was the first satellite altimeter of the Chinese Marine Dynamic Environment Satellite series (Lin and Jiang, 2014;Mertikas et al, 2015b).…”
In 2018, the Haiyang-2B (HY-2B) satellite altimeter was sent to orbit as a follow-up mission of the HY-2A satellite altimeter. The performance of the HY-2B system over the global oceans is considered to be critical. However, its performance is not fully known at the present time. In the present study, the first global quality assessment of the HY-2B Geophysical Data Record (GDR) was presented using comparison and crossover analysis processes of the main parameters and sea level anomalies (SLAs) with Jason-3 GDR data. This study’s assessment results demonstrated that the editing proportion of unqualified data for the HY-2B was 2.67%, which was at a similar level as the Jason-3 (2.86%). In addition, this study’s assessment results of the HY-2B key parameters (mainly the backscatter coefficients, significant wave heights, sea state bias, wet troposphere delays, and ionosphere delays) showed good agreement with the Jason-3, and there were no abnormal trends observed. The mean and standard deviations (STDs) were determined to be (0.21 ± 6.70) cm and (−3.4 ± 6.25) cm for the SLA differences at the self-crossover points of the HY-2B and dual-crossover points between the HY-2B and Jason-3 satellites, respectively. In addition, the SLA crossover analysis results indicated that the accuracy of the sea surface heights for the HY-2B was close to that of the Jason-3 satellite. The spatial distributions of the SLA differences showed no significant errors in the geographic characteristics. The SLA measurements were assessed using a wavenumber spectra method. The obtained results suggested that the power spectrum of the SLAs of the HY-2B satellite followed the regular patterns of the traditional Jason-3 altimeter. Furthermore, based on the spectrum analysis results, it was revealed that the noise level of the HY-2B was lower than that of the Jason-3, indicating a good overall performance of the HY-2B.
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