Mean population salt intake in Iran: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Abstract

Introduction High salt intake has been connected with the increase of many non‐communicable diseases (NCDs) worldwide. Like other middle‐income countries, Iran is experiencing a considerable increase in NCDs, necessitating attempts to reduce dietary salt intake. As in Iran there is uncertainty about the existing rate of salt intake. The present study aimed to estimate mean salt intake of Iranian population by systematically reviewing existing literature. Methods This research is a systematic review and meta‐analysis (PRISMA Protocol) of published article data, with no time constraint until the end of 2020, to estimate mean salt intake of Iranian population. A comprehensive literature search was performed on international databases of Medline, Science Direct, PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Springer, Online Library Wiley, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Google Scholar and domestic data bases of Iranmedex, Magiran, SID, and Medlib. Subgroup analysis was conducted for gender, region, measurement method, and age group. Research homogeneity was evaluated by I 2 statistic. We reviewed all studies which met inclusion criteria. STATA Ver.13.1 was used to perform meta‐analysis. Results Meta‐analysis of data from 32 studies showed that the average salt intake in all ages was 9.674 g/day (95% CI, 9.033–10.316 g/day). The lowest estimation of salt intake was 9.33 g/day (95% CI, 7.75–10.91 g/day) which was estimated from studies which used point collection method, and the highest estimate using the food reminder questionnaire was 10.41 g/day (95% CI, 8.49–12.34 g/day). Also, the average weight salt intake for men over 18 years old in different cities was 10.39 g/day (95% CI, 9.01–11.78 g/day), for women over 18 years in different cities 9.52 g/day (95% CI, 8.42–10.62 g/day), and children and adolescents was estimated at 5.664 g/day (95% CI, 2.91–8.41 g/day). Conclusion The intake of salt in the Iranian population is near twice the WHO recommendation. Therefore, it is necessary to consider effective strategies and interventions to reduce dietary salt intake in Iran as a health priority.