Mean daily intake of N-nitrosodimethylamine from foods and beverages in France in 1987–1992

Determination of dietary exposure and extraction efficiency of nitrosamine from cooked meat

“…A survey in Estonia also reported the trace level of NDMA (0.8 μg/kg), NDBA(0.4 μg/kg) in cured meats ( Yurchenko and Molder, 2005 ). Moreover, the levels of NAs in Bangladeshi meat products in the present study show good agreement with results from Poland ( Domanska and Kowalski, 2003 ), France ( Biaudet et al, 1994 ), Russia ( Zhukova et al, 1999 ), Germany (Spiegelhalder et al, 1991), UK ( Gough et al, 1978 ), and Japan ( Yamamoto et al, 1984 ), Syria ( Kaseem et al, 2013 ).

Fig.

…”

Determination of dietary exposure and extraction efficiency of nitrosamine from cooked meat

“…A survey in Estonia also reported the trace level of NDMA (0.8 μg/kg), NDBA(0.4 μg/kg) in cured meats ( Yurchenko and Molder, 2005 ). Moreover, the levels of NAs in Bangladeshi meat products in the present study show good agreement with results from Poland ( Domanska and Kowalski, 2003 ), France ( Biaudet et al, 1994 ), Russia ( Zhukova et al, 1999 ), Germany (Spiegelhalder et al, 1991), UK ( Gough et al, 1978 ), and Japan ( Yamamoto et al, 1984 ), Syria ( Kaseem et al, 2013 ).

Fig.

…”

Drinking Water as a Proportion of Total Human Exposure to Volatile N‐Nitrosamines

“…We estimate that the daily dietary intake of NDMA in the U.S. population ranges from 0.03 to 0.06 μg/day, depending on age, with adults aged 20–49 years experiencing an exposure of 0.06 μg/day (or 0.08 μg/day when beer is included). In comparison, others have reported dietary intakes of 0.17 μg/day (in women) and 0.28 μg/day (in men) in West Germany, 0.19 μg/day in France, 0.05 μg/day (or 0.12 μg/day with beer included) in Finland, 0.114 μg/day in Spain, and 0.4–3.1 μg/day in Australia . Fristachi and Rice estimated a daily intake of 0.11 μg/day among adults.…”

“…Fristachi and Rice estimated a daily intake of 0.11 μg/day among adults. Beer consumption makes a strong contribution to NDMA intake and in our model beer consumption at the average per capita rate increases the dietary NDMA intake by approximately 33% in adults aged 20–49 years. Even with our estimates that were lower than those of Fristachi and Rice for dietary intake of NDMA, this source exceeds drinking water NDMA intake by a substantial margin across all age groups (Tables ).…”

“…After early reports of nitrosamines in foods and elucidation of the mechanism of formation, measures to reduce this exposure caused concentrations of NDMA in foods to drop approximately 10‐fold over a decade . The model, therefore, incorporates data from Biaudet et al . that is based on measurements made over the period 1987–1992, to represent the concentration of NDMA in various foods.…”

The role of endogenous versus exogenous sources in the exposome of putative genotoxins and consequences for risk assessment

“…Direct firing techniques were modified to minimise NOx generation or replaced by (traditional) indirect heating of the drying air in malting kilns and by avoidance of environmental NOx impact. These mitigation measures contributed to achieve a marked reduction in consumer exposure, evidenced by dietary intake estimates for NDMA of 0.03–0.11 µg/day for the US (Fristachi and Rice 2007 ; Hrudey et al 2013 ) and up to about 0.3 µg/day for various European countries (Biaudet et al 1994 ; Dich et al 1996 ; Jakszyn et al 2004 ; Tricker and Preussmann 1991 ).…”

Determination of dietary exposure and extraction efficiency of nitrosamine from cooked meat

“…A survey in Estonia also reported the trace level of NDMA (0.8 μg/kg), NDBA(0.4 μg/kg) in cured meats ( Yurchenko and Molder, 2005 ). Moreover, the levels of NAs in Bangladeshi meat products in the present study show good agreement with results from Poland ( Domanska and Kowalski, 2003 ), France ( Biaudet et al, 1994 ), Russia ( Zhukova et al, 1999 ), Germany (Spiegelhalder et al, 1991), UK ( Gough et al, 1978 ), and Japan ( Yamamoto et al, 1984 ), Syria ( Kaseem et al, 2013 ).

Fig.

…”

Drinking Water as a Proportion of Total Human Exposure to Volatile N‐Nitrosamines

“…We estimate that the daily dietary intake of NDMA in the U.S. population ranges from 0.03 to 0.06 μg/day, depending on age, with adults aged 20–49 years experiencing an exposure of 0.06 μg/day (or 0.08 μg/day when beer is included). In comparison, others have reported dietary intakes of 0.17 μg/day (in women) and 0.28 μg/day (in men) in West Germany, 0.19 μg/day in France, 0.05 μg/day (or 0.12 μg/day with beer included) in Finland, 0.114 μg/day in Spain, and 0.4–3.1 μg/day in Australia . Fristachi and Rice estimated a daily intake of 0.11 μg/day among adults.…”

“…Fristachi and Rice estimated a daily intake of 0.11 μg/day among adults. Beer consumption makes a strong contribution to NDMA intake and in our model beer consumption at the average per capita rate increases the dietary NDMA intake by approximately 33% in adults aged 20–49 years. Even with our estimates that were lower than those of Fristachi and Rice for dietary intake of NDMA, this source exceeds drinking water NDMA intake by a substantial margin across all age groups (Tables ).…”

“…After early reports of nitrosamines in foods and elucidation of the mechanism of formation, measures to reduce this exposure caused concentrations of NDMA in foods to drop approximately 10‐fold over a decade . The model, therefore, incorporates data from Biaudet et al . that is based on measurements made over the period 1987–1992, to represent the concentration of NDMA in various foods.…”

The role of endogenous versus exogenous sources in the exposome of putative genotoxins and consequences for risk assessment

“…Direct firing techniques were modified to minimise NOx generation or replaced by (traditional) indirect heating of the drying air in malting kilns and by avoidance of environmental NOx impact. These mitigation measures contributed to achieve a marked reduction in consumer exposure, evidenced by dietary intake estimates for NDMA of 0.03–0.11 µg/day for the US (Fristachi and Rice 2007 ; Hrudey et al 2013 ) and up to about 0.3 µg/day for various European countries (Biaudet et al 1994 ; Dich et al 1996 ; Jakszyn et al 2004 ; Tricker and Preussmann 1991 ).…”

Determination of dietary exposure and extraction efficiency of nitrosamine from cooked meat

“…A survey in Estonia also reported the trace level of NDMA (0.8 μg/kg), NDBA(0.4 μg/kg) in cured meats ( Yurchenko and Molder, 2005 ). Moreover, the levels of NAs in Bangladeshi meat products in the present study show good agreement with results from Poland ( Domanska and Kowalski, 2003 ), France ( Biaudet et al, 1994 ), Russia ( Zhukova et al, 1999 ), Germany (Spiegelhalder et al, 1991), UK ( Gough et al, 1978 ), and Japan ( Yamamoto et al, 1984 ), Syria ( Kaseem et al, 2013 ).

Fig.

…”

Drinking Water as a Proportion of Total Human Exposure to Volatile N‐Nitrosamines

“…We estimate that the daily dietary intake of NDMA in the U.S. population ranges from 0.03 to 0.06 μg/day, depending on age, with adults aged 20–49 years experiencing an exposure of 0.06 μg/day (or 0.08 μg/day when beer is included). In comparison, others have reported dietary intakes of 0.17 μg/day (in women) and 0.28 μg/day (in men) in West Germany, 0.19 μg/day in France, 0.05 μg/day (or 0.12 μg/day with beer included) in Finland, 0.114 μg/day in Spain, and 0.4–3.1 μg/day in Australia . Fristachi and Rice estimated a daily intake of 0.11 μg/day among adults.…”

“…Fristachi and Rice estimated a daily intake of 0.11 μg/day among adults. Beer consumption makes a strong contribution to NDMA intake and in our model beer consumption at the average per capita rate increases the dietary NDMA intake by approximately 33% in adults aged 20–49 years. Even with our estimates that were lower than those of Fristachi and Rice for dietary intake of NDMA, this source exceeds drinking water NDMA intake by a substantial margin across all age groups (Tables ).…”

“…After early reports of nitrosamines in foods and elucidation of the mechanism of formation, measures to reduce this exposure caused concentrations of NDMA in foods to drop approximately 10‐fold over a decade . The model, therefore, incorporates data from Biaudet et al . that is based on measurements made over the period 1987–1992, to represent the concentration of NDMA in various foods.…”

The role of endogenous versus exogenous sources in the exposome of putative genotoxins and consequences for risk assessment

“…Direct firing techniques were modified to minimise NOx generation or replaced by (traditional) indirect heating of the drying air in malting kilns and by avoidance of environmental NOx impact. These mitigation measures contributed to achieve a marked reduction in consumer exposure, evidenced by dietary intake estimates for NDMA of 0.03–0.11 µg/day for the US (Fristachi and Rice 2007 ; Hrudey et al 2013 ) and up to about 0.3 µg/day for various European countries (Biaudet et al 1994 ; Dich et al 1996 ; Jakszyn et al 2004 ; Tricker and Preussmann 1991 ).…”