Mealybugs

Roivainen, Osmo

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-326450-3.50006-1

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Although mealybugs are not as well known as vectors of virus diseases as other hemipterans (e.g., aphids and whiteßies) (Nault 1997), they are able to transmit at least three different genera of plant viruses: Badnavirus (Lockhart and Olszewski 1994), Vitivirus (Adams et al 2004), and Ampelovirus (Martelli et al 2002). P. citri and related mealybug species are able to transmit many of these viruses to a wide range of economically important crops (Roivainen 1980, Cabaleiro and Segura 1997b, Lockhart et al 1997, Phillips et al 1999, Kubiriba et al 2001. Low populations of mealybugs causing no direct economic damage have been able to rapidly spread Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3) to grapevines grown in Cal-iforniaÕs Napa Valley (Golino et al 2002) as well as in northwestern Spain Segura 1997b, 2006;Cabaleiro et al 2008).…”

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confidence: 99%

Characterization of the Probing and Feeding Behavior ofPlanococcus citri(Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on Grapevine

Cid

Fereres

2010

Annals of the Entomological Society of America

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confidence: 99%

Characterization of the Probing and Feeding Behavior ofPlanococcus citri(Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on Grapevine

Cid

Fereres

2010

Annals of the Entomological Society of America

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“…The identification of Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi ( Hemiptera : Pseudococcidae ) in Ekimayan Village, Etung Local Government Area, Cross River was its first report in Nigeria and second to be reported in West Africa after its first report in Buyo, which was an area infected with CSSV in Cote d’Ivoire 2013 (N’Guessan et al, 2014 ); this implied that Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi could be a very important vector of CSSV in West Africa. Although each identified mealybug species could vary in their efficiency in acquisition, retention and transmission of CSSV between infected and non-infected host plants (Obok et al, 2018b ; Roivainen, 1980 ; Roivainen, 1976 ), the presence of these mealybug species (vectors and putative vectors of CSSV) across cacao farms in the east and south of Nigeria further suggest that CSSV could be spread wider in Nigeria than earlier reported to be found only in the western part of the country.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly, there have been no new literature available with time on natural vectors of CSSV – mealybugs ( Pseudococcidae : Hemiptera ) in Nigeria after Sutherland ( 1955 ) report. Of the 25 different mealybug species reported on cacao in West Africa, at least 16 are CSSV vectors (N’Guessan et al, 2014 ; Obok et al, 2018a ; 2018b ; Roivainen, 1980 ). The cacao-CSSV-mealybug interaction complex ( Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cacao swollen shoot virus detection and DNA barcoding of its vectors and putative vectors in Theobroma cacao L. by using polymerase chain reaction

Obok¹,

Aikpokpodion²,

Ani³

et al. 2021

bta

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Cacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV) is an endemic pathogen causing significant economic losses to cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) production in West Africa. There is limited updated report on the occurrence, spread, genetic diversity and species of CSSV and its mealybug vectors, especially in Nigeria. Nigeria is presently lagging behind in the search for resistance to CSSV and its vectors in T. cacao L. The present study aimed to map and screen for the presence of CSSV and its natural vectors -female mealybugs (Pseudococcidae: Hemiptera) in cacao plantations in Nigeria. Symptomatic and asymptomatic cacao leaves and whole female mealybug samples were collected from major cacao-growing areas in Nigeria -Abia, Akwa Ibom, Cross River, Edo, Ondo and Oyo States. A total of 2568 cacao leaves from 1052 cacao trees were screened with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using an open reading frame 1 (ORF 1) CSSV-specific primer pair. PCR screening of the mealybug species was performed using the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. A combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and histology for morphological identification and DNA barcoding enabled to characterise the female mealybug species. The results revealed that CSSV and its mealybug vectors are present in the major cacaogrowing areas in Nigeria. Although CSSV and its vectors have been previously reported in Cross River, Ondo and Oyo States, our results present the first documented evidence of CSSV emergence and its mealybug vectors in Abia, Akwa Ibom and Edo States. We also present the first report of Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi (Gimpel and Miller) mealybug species on cacao in Nigeria. In conclusion, it is pertinent to re-establish coordinated routine survey and monitoring of CSSV and its mealybug vector presence in T. cacao L. in Nigeria.

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“…In addition to these species, other species were observed on mature trees. Overall, of the nine species inventoried, seven are known to transmit swollen shoot virus (CSSV) (Entwistle, ; Roivainen, ) whereas M. hirsutus and Ps. jackbeardsleyi are yet to be tested as vectors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inventory and abundance of mealybug species in immature and mature cocoa farms in Côte d'Ivoire

N'Guessan

Yapi

N’Guessan

et al. 2019

J Applied Entomology

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From 2013 to 2018, surveys were conducted in counties not previously surveyed in order to determine species of mealybugs present in the cocoa orchard in Côte d'Ivoire as well as their abundance according to the age of cocoa trees. Immature and mature cocoa trees were inspected to hand‐height in 5 and 29 counties infected with Cacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV). In each cocoa farm, mealybugs were searched for on fruits, leaves, flowers, twigs and trunks. Mealybug species were identified, and colonies were counted. Five mealybug species were identified on immature cocoa trees: Ferrisia virgata, Formicococcus njalensis, Planococcus citri, Planococcus kenyae and Pseudococcus longispinus. In addition to these species, four species, Dysmicoccus brevipes, Maconellicoccus hirsutus, Phenacoccus hargreavesi and Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi were identified on mature cocoa trees. On immature cocoa trees, Fo. Njalensis, Pl. citri and Ps. longispinus comprised were, respectively, 35%, 33% and 19% of colonies, respectively. On mature cocoa trees, Fo. Njalensis and Pl. citri comprised 63.2% and 21.0%, and others species 15.8%. Nevertheless, the abundance of mealybug species varied according to the age of cocoa trees. The preferred organs of mealybugs were pods (74.1%) followed by twigs (13.4%) and flowers (7.4%). Previously, the mealybug Paracoccus burnerae (Brain) was found on Theobroma cacao, which is the first record for this species in Côte d'Ivoire and on this host‐plant.

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Mealybugs

Cited by 6 publications

References 29 publications

Characterization of the Probing and Feeding Behavior ofPlanococcus citri(Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on Grapevine

Characterization of the Probing and Feeding Behavior ofPlanococcus citri(Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on Grapevine

Cacao swollen shoot virus detection and DNA barcoding of its vectors and putative vectors in Theobroma cacao L. by using polymerase chain reaction

Inventory and abundance of mealybug species in immature and mature cocoa farms in Côte d'Ivoire

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