Meal and snack patterns of infants and toddlers

Skinner, Jean D.; Ziegler, Paula; Pac, Susan; Devaney, Barbara

doi:10.1016/j.jada.2003.10.021

Cited by 74 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…IFPS II and FITS results were consistent on all of the unhealthful feeding practices that could be compared: the introduction of solid foods before 4 months, the introduction of solid foods after 6 months, 22 the feeding of juice or juice drinks before 6 months, 23 the feeding of cow's milk before 12 months, 22 no daily feeding of fruits or vegetables, 23 and the feeding of food from a restaurant. 18 Results from the FITS also showed an identical median number of times that the infant was fed daily 13 and a similar pattern of moving away from baby foods to table foods by 12 months. 23 The 2 studies also both revealed that lower-educated mothers were more likely to engage in unhealthful infant feeding practices.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

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Selected Complementary Feeding Practices and Their Association With Maternal Education

et al. 2008

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OBJECTIVE. As infants transition from a milk-based diet to one that includes most food groups, the timing of the transition, how infants are fed, and the quality of their diet can have important health implications. Our objective is to describe these factors for US infants.METHODS. We analyzed data from the Infant Feeding Practices Study II. Sample sizes varied for relevant questions from ϳ1600 to ϳ2400. We analyzed the prevalence of 14 feeding practices and their association with the mothers' education and also examined participants' use of commercial baby foods.RESULTS. Approximately 21% of the mothers introduced solid foods before 4 months; 7% introduced solids after 6 months. Twenty-nine percent of the mothers introduced Ͼ3 new foods per week to infants aged 5 to 10 months. Approximately 20% of the mothers fed juice before 6 months, fed cow's milk before 12 months, and fed infants Ͻ5 times per day after 5 months. Fourteen percent of the mothers chewed food for their infant. Approximately 15% of the mothers fed Ͻ1 serving daily of either a fruit or vegetable to infants aged Ն9 months, half added salt to their infant's food, and more than one third who added salt used noniodized salt. Approximately 20% fed reduced-fat cow's milk at 1 year. Almost half of the 10-month-old infants had eaten restaurant food in a restaurant in the previous week, 22% had eaten carry-out food, and 28% had eaten either type of restaurant food Ն2 times. The prevalence of 8 of the 14 unhealthful infant feeding practices we examined was inversely associated with maternal education.CONCLUSIONS. Nutrition and feeding guidance should be especially targeted to mothers with a high school education or less. Pediatrics 2008;122:S91-S97

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…11,13 In questionnaires for months 6 through 12, the mothers were asked: "In the past 7 days, how many times was your baby usually fed in a 24-hour period?" Options were 1 or 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or Ն8.…”

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confidence: 99%

Selected Complementary Feeding Practices and Their Association With Maternal Education

et al. 2008

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“…A study of 15-18-month-old US children found that 25% of energy was obtained from between-meal snacks 8 . It is notable that a large US survey of adults also showed that 27% of energy intake came from energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods using similar classification criteria to ours 10 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consumption of ‘extra’ foods (energy-dense, nutrient-poor) among children aged 16–24 months from western Sydney, Australia

Webb

Lahti-Koski

Rutishauser

et al. 2006

PHN

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Objective: This study evaluates the contribution of energy-dense, nutrient-poor 'extra' foods to the diets of 16-24-month-old children from western Sydney, Australia. Design: An analysis of cross-sectional data collected on participants in the Childhood Asthma Prevention Study (CAPS), a randomised trial investigating the primary prevention of asthma from birth to 5 years. We collected 3-day weighed food records, calculated nutrient intakes, classified recorded foods into major food groups, and further classified foods as either 'core' or 'extras' according to the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating. Setting: Pregnant women, whose unborn child was at risk of developing asthma because of a family history, were recruited from all six hospitals in western Sydney, Australia. Data for this study were collected in clinic visits and at participants' homes at the 18-month assessment. Participants: Four hundred and twenty-nine children participating in the CAPS study; 80% of the total cohort. Results: The mean consumption of 'extra' foods was , 150 g day 21 and contributed 25 -30% of the total energy, fat, carbohydrate and sodium to the diets of the study children. 'Extra' foods also contributed around 20% of fibre, 10% of protein and zinc, and about 5% of calcium. Children in the highest quintile of 'extra' foods intake had a slightly higher but not significantly different intake of energy from those in the lowest quintile. However, significant differences were evident for the percentage of energy provided by carbohydrate and sugars (higher) and protein and saturated fat (lower). The intake of most micronutrients was also significantly lower among children in the highest quintile of consumption. The intake of 'extra' foods was inversely associated with the intake of core foods. Conclusions: The high percentage of energy contributed by 'extra' foods and their negative association with nutrient density emphasise the need for dietary guidance for parents of children aged 1-2 years. These preliminary data on commonly consumed 'extra' foods and portion sizes may inform age-specific dietary assessment methods. KeywordsChildren Diet Nutrition Non-core foods Beverages Snacking Childhood obesityThe consumption of energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods by very young children is of public health concern 1 -3 . Information about the contribution of these foods to energy intake is needed, both in view of the rising prevalence of obesity and diet-related diseases among children and adults and because poor eating habits formed in early childhood may persist into later childhood and adulthood 4 -8 . If 'extra' foods displace those that are more nutrient-dense, the risk of low or marginal intakes of micronutrients increases 9,10 .Research, surveillance and policy development regarding consumption of energy-dense nutrient-poor foods, among children and adults, has been limited by the lack of clear and accepted terminology and taxonomy to identify and classify these foods.The first problem concerns what to call these foods. The terms 'u...

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“…In the United States, the 2004 Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS) [12,13] provides comprehensive data on the food and beverage patterns of infants. The FITS was a cross-sectional survey of more than 3,000 children aged four to 24 months, based on 24-hour dietary recalls.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complementary Food Consumption of Canadian Infants

Friel¹,

Isaak²,

Hanning³

et al. 2009

TONUTRJ

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In July, 2003, a cross-sectional survey was conducted by Heinz Canada, on a nationally representative sample of mothers with infants aged three to 12 months. The surveys mailed to new mothers consisted of 1) a questionnaire to assess demographic information and 2) a four day food diary, providing dietary data for nearly 2,951 infants. The initiation rate of breastfeeding was 73% for study infants. At three months, 81% of the infants received complementary foods (mostly cereal, fruits, and vegetables, but some had also been introduced to meats, dairy products, and mixed dishes). These data suggest a current pattern for the early introduction of complementary foods, some by three months and the majority by six months of age. The World Health Organization (WHO) and Health Canada now recommend exclusive breastfeeding until six months of age. The impact this recommendation may have on the feeding pattern of Canadian infants remains to be seen.

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Meal and snack patterns of infants and toddlers

Cited by 74 publications

References 27 publications

Selected Complementary Feeding Practices and Their Association With Maternal Education

Selected Complementary Feeding Practices and Their Association With Maternal Education

Consumption of ‘extra’ foods (energy-dense, nutrient-poor) among children aged 16–24 months from western Sydney, Australia

Complementary Food Consumption of Canadian Infants

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