MDCT evaluation of sternal variations: Pictorial essay

Duraikannu, Chary; Noronha, Olma Veena; Sundarrajan, Pushparajan

doi:10.4103/0971-3026.184407

Cited by 43 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The xiphoid process constitutes the most distal and short part of the sternum, featuring great amplitude of variations. It is articulated superiorly with body of sternum (sternoxiphoidal joint) and laterally with the inferior portion of 7 th costal cartilage [11,27,29].…”

Section: Anatomy and Embryologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SF is basically observed in midline, in the lower third of sternum. Xiphoidal foramen constitutes the most common type of sternal foramen and, concerning SF in body, it is fundamentally observed in 5 th intercostal segment [8,11,13,21,30]. However, prevalence of SF in body is reported to be higher than this in xiphoid process in specific studies [5,12].…”

Section: Incidence and Localisation Of Sternal Foraminamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, in this case, the observed irregularity is in complete contrast to the classical description of a SF. It has been reported that SF may occasionally mimic lytic lesions, appearing as a focal defect with photopoenia [11,17]. These lytic lesions may present secondary to infections or represent either primary neoplastic lesions or metastatic foci.…”

Section: Case Analysis and Radiological Impactmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These lytic lesions may present secondary to infections or represent either primary neoplastic lesions or metastatic foci. In any case, these lesions are anatomically and radiologically characterized by irregular margins [11].…”

Section: Case Analysis and Radiological Impactmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Its anatomic localisation is observed in the inferior portion of the sternum and basically in the xiphoid process [8,13,21,30]. Pseudoforamen constitutes a rare morphological type of the SF, being described in only 2 studies [11,30]. The SF usually appears to be a round or oval-shaped orifice with smooth surrounding osseous borders [6,13,18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Morphological approach of the sternal foramen: an anatomic study and a short review of the literature

Gkantsinikoudis

Chaniotakis²,

Gkasdaris³

et al. 2017

Folia Morphol

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Section: Anatomy and Embryologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Incidence and Localisation Of Sternal Foraminamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Case Analysis and Radiological Impactmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Case Analysis and Radiological Impactmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Morphological approach of the sternal foramen: an anatomic study and a short review of the literature

Gkantsinikoudis

Chaniotakis²,

Gkasdaris³

et al. 2017

Folia Morphol

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Anatomical variants identified on chest computed tomography of 1000+ COVID‐19 patients from an open‐access dataset

et al. 2022

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Chest computed tomography (CT) has been the preferred imaging modality during the pandemic owing to its sensitivity in detecting COVID‐19 infections. Recently, a large number of COVID‐19 imaging datasets have been deposited in public databases, leading to rapid advances in COVID‐19 research. However, the application of these datasets beyond COVID‐19‐related research has been little explored. The authors believe that they could be used in anatomical research to elucidate the link between anatomy and disease and to study disease‐related alterations to normal anatomy. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the prevalence of six well‐known anatomical variants in the thorax using open‐access CT images obtained from over 1000 Iranian COVID‐19 patients aged between 6 and 89 years (60.9% male and 39.1% female). In brief, we found that the azygos lobe, tracheal bronchus, and cardiac bronchus were present in 0.8%, 0.2%, and 0% of the patients, respectively. Variations of the sternum, including sternal foramen, episternal ossicles, and sternalis muscle, were observed in 9.6%, 2.9%, and 1.5%, respectively. We believe anatomists could benefit from using open‐access datasets as raw materials for research because these datasets are freely accessible and are abundant, though further research is needed to evaluate the uses of other datasets from different body regions and imaging modalities. Radiologists should also be aware of these common anatomical variants when examining lung CTs, especially since the use of this imaging modality has increased during the pandemic.

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