MBCAST: A Forecast Model for Marssonina Blotch of Apple in Korea

Monitoring Spore Dispersal and Early Infections of Diplocarpon coronariae Causing Apple Blotch Using Spore Traps and a New qPCR Method

“…The copyright holder for this preprint (which this version posted July 25, 2021. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.25.453640 doi: bioRxiv preprint From June on, damage caused by AB steadily increased in the orchard (Figure 2). From middle of June until the end of the experiment high numbers of spores could be detected irrespective of rain periods, which is in contrast to our observation on early spore peaks, which especially in 2020 occurred always at the end of rain periods and this is also in contrast to observations by Kim et al (2019). They investigated spore Dc spore dispersal from June to October and 2015 in Korea and reported more spores during and two days after rain periods compared to dry periods (Kim et al 2019).…”

“…To date, Dc spores in spore trap samples have been quantified by microscopy (Kim et al 2019). However, this is labor intensive, and in addition it is often difficult to securely identify a few Dc spores in field samples comprising a high diversity of spores and other particles such as pollen and dust.…”

“…Those, in turn, provide a valuable tool for an efficient application of crop protection measures (Agrios 2005;Hardwick 1998). Recently, Dc spore dispersal from June to October was investigated in Korea, and a disease forecast model was developed (Kim et al 2019). However, this study did not look at spore dispersal in spring, which is critical to understanding the primary infection and disease onset.…”

“…However, the sexual stage of Dc has been described only in India, Japan, and China (Gao et al 2011; Harada et al 1974; Sharma and Gupta 2018), but not in Europe (Hinrichs-Berger 2015; Wöhner and Emeriewen 2019), the USA or Korea (Back and Jung 2014). The contribution of the different spore types to initial infections and their mode of dispersal has not been conclusively clarified, but wind as well as splash dispersal has been reported (Dong et al 2015; Khodadadi et al 2022; Kim et al 2019). Dc overwinters in fallen leaves (Back and Jung 2014).…”

CCR‐NB‐LRR proteins MdRNL2 and MdRNL6 interact physically to confer broad‐spectrum fungal resistance in apple (Malus × domestica)

“…When fungi attack apple leaves, they typically produce toxins and effectors, causing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which in turn leads to cell death (Abe et al, 2010;Chung, 2012;Hugot et al, 1999;Johnson et al, 2000). In addition, fungal diseases result in the formation of black, necrotic leaf spots, moldy fruit cores, increased incidence of defoliation, fruit drop, and declines in fruit quality and production (Johnson et al, 2000;Kim et al, 2019;Rotondo et al, 2012;Shtienberg, 2012;Wang et al, 2012). Chemical treatments are commonly used to control fungal diseases, but such treatments have negative side effects, for instance, increased food safety risks and environmental pollution.…”