Mazes, maps, and memory.

Olton, David S.

doi:10.1037/0003-066x.34.7.583

Cited by 463 publications

(212 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…For example, rodents trained to turn in one direction in a maze in which the environmental and intramaze cues were irrelevant were slower to learn the task than those trained in a task in which a particular place was rewarded (Hill & Thune, 1952;Scharlock, 1955;Tolman, Ritchie, & Kalish, 1946). These results have been explained by the disturbing effect of extramaze cues in the response group (Blodgett & McCutchan, 1947) or by assuming that rats use a place strategy during initial learning and only shift to a response strategy with continued training (Hicks, 1964;Means & Douglas, 1970;O'Keefe & Nadel, 1978, 1979; N. S. Sutherland & Mackintosh, 1971). This account could also explain why the ego-allocentric and allocentric groups learned most rapidly in the present study.…”

Section: Use Of Allocentric and Egocentric Strategies As Revealed By mentioning

confidence: 76%

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Performance of goldfish trained in allocentric and egocentric maze procedures suggests the presence of a cognitive mapping system in fishes

Rodrı́guez

Durán

Vargas

et al. 1994

Animal Learning & Behavior

129

107

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Goldfish were trained to obtain food in a four-arm maze placed in a room with relevant spatial cues. Four experimental conditions were run: allocentric, egocentric, egocentric + allocentric, and control. Relative to controls, all groups were able to solve the different tasks with high accuracy after 1 week of training. Subsequent transfer tests revealed place and response strategies for allocentric and egocentric groups, respectively, and both types of strategies for the ego-allocentric group. Moreover, the allocentric group showed the capacity to choose the appropriate trajectory toward the goal, even from novel starting points, presumably by using the distal cues as a whole. The results suggest that, in addition to using egocentric strategies, goldfish are able to solve spatial tasks on the basis of allocentric frames of reference and to build complex spatial cognitive representations of their environment.Fishes travel across a wide range of distances with surprising efficiency, whether in intercontinental migrations or on excursions within their habitual living areas. These travels indicate remarkable spatial abilities of fishes in navigating, orienting themselves, piloting, and recognizing their environment. Research in this field has been focused mainly on the innate fixed patterns of behavior and on sensory, ecological, and zoological factors. What seems to be underestimated in this research, though, is the possibility that spatial behavior is a flexible process that involves learning and memory mechanisms and cognitive phenomena (for a review, see Dodson, 1988). Such mechanisms are indicated by a number of naturalistic and experimental studies, such as the pioneer work of Aronson (1951Aronson ( , 1971) that showed that the gobiid fish Bathygobius soporator uses learned information about the spatial relationships of tide pools, or topographical memories acquired during exploration, to orient itself accurately. In fact, complex spatial learning and memory capabilities in fishes can be inferred from recent naturalistic studies

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Section: Use Of Allocentric and Egocentric Strategies As Revealed By mentioning

confidence: 76%

“…Again, however, the transfer tests rule out this possibility as being necessary to performance (see Olton, 1979), because the fishes went to the goal irrespective of their starting point.…”

Section: Use Of Allocentric and Egocentric Strategies As Revealed By mentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of goldfish trained in allocentric and egocentric maze procedures suggests the presence of a cognitive mapping system in fishes

Rodrı́guez

Durán

Vargas

et al. 1994

Animal Learning & Behavior

129

107

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…If the rat made many errors in the dark, it is suggested that the rat used a place strategy. If, however, the rat made few errors, it is suggested that the rat used a response strategy (see Olton, 1979, for review). Errors were recorded with an infrared video camera and scored exactly the same as the 6 previous days of testing.…”

Section: Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lesions of the dorsal hippocampus or parietal cortex differentially affect spatial information processing.

Rogers

Kesner

2006

Behavioral Neuroscience

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The present experiments used 2 versions of a modified Hebb-Williams maze to test the role of the dorsal hippocampus (dHip) and parietal cortex (PC) in processing allocentric and egocentric space during acquisition and retention. Bilateral lesions were made to either the dHip or PC before maze testing (acquisition) or after maze testing (retention). The results indicate that lesions of the dHip impair allocentric maze acquisition, whereas lesions of the PC impair egocentric maze acquisition. During retention, lesions of the PC produced a significant impairment on both maze versions, whereas lesions of the dHip produced short-lived, transient impairments on both maze versions. These results suggest that during acquisition, the hippocampus and PC process spatial information in parallel; however, long-term retention of spatial information requires the PC with the dHIP as necessary for retrieval and/or access but not necessarily storage.

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“…Although there is much evidence of cognitive abilities in animals (e.g., delayed matching to sample- Roberts & Grant, 1976;concept formation-Wasserman, Kiedinger, & Bhatt, 1988;short-term serial memory-Wright, Santiago, Sands, Kendrick, & Cook, 1985;longterm serial memory-Terrace, 2000; formation of cognitive maps- Olton, 1979;numerical discrimination-Brannon & Terrace, 1998;and timing-Gibbon & Church, 1990), the extent of an animal's expertise at those tasks (if any) has not been investigated. Expertise presupposes cognitive ability, but the converse does not follow.…”

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confidence: 99%