“…Assume that the frequency of AT cut quartz crystal equals to that of the BT cut crystal, f 0 AT = f 0 BT = f 0 and combine Equations (10)(11)(12), the contributions of the cells' mass and viscoelastic moduli to the frequency shifts in the parentheses of the second terms in Equations ( 10) and ( 11) can be cancelled out; hence we obtained Equation ( 13) to quantitatively measure the surface stress ΔS generated and exerted to the quartz crystal by a population of living cells in real time t.…”
Section: Wwwadvmatinterfacesdementioning
confidence: 99%
“…BT BT c (11) Consider the relationship between the thickness of quartz crystal and frequency, elastic modulus.…”
Section: Wwwadvmatinterfacesdementioning
confidence: 99%
“…[9,10] Moreover, other factors contributing to cellular functions such as soluble hormones and insoluble extracellular matrix would also affect cellular forces and viscoelasticity. Therefore, mechanical changes are as fundamental as genetic and proteomic changes for living cells; [11] however, mechanical information received much less attention as evidenced by the fact that not even a single routine instrument of cell mechanics is available in biological or clinical labs. [12] Mechanical measurements include both active force and passive viscoelasticity-two sides of a coin.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…[12] Mechanical measurements include both active force and passive viscoelasticity-two sides of a coin. [11] Cellular forces are usually measured by measuring the deformations of known elasticities of deformable gels or microposts, the most common one is traction force microscopy (TFM) which belongs to the former. Cell stiffness or viscoelasticity is usually obtained by applying known forces of certain frequencies to living cells and again by monitoring the resulted deformations, atomic force microscopy (AFM) is the gold standard.…”
Cell mechanics is closely associated with cellular structure and function. However, the inability to measure both cellular force and viscoelasticity of statistically significant number of cells noninvasively remains a challenge for quantitative characterizations of various cellular functions and practical applications. Here a double resonator piezoelectric cytometry (DRPC), using AT and BT cut quartz crystals of the same frequency and surface morphology is developed to simultaneously quantify the cells‐generated forces (ΔS) and viscoelastic moduli (G′, G″) of a population of isolated single cells or cells with different degrees of cell‐cell interactions in a non‐invasive and real time manner. DRPC captures the dynamic mechanical parameters ΔS and G′, G″ during the adhesions of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) under different ligand densities of adhesion molecules fibronectin or Arg‐Gly‐Asp (RGD) modified on the gold surfaces of 9 MHz AT and BT cut quartz crystals, and different seeding densities of HUVECs. It is found that both the ligand density and cell seeding density affect the magnitudes of ΔS and G′, G″ and their correlations are revealed for the first time by DRPC. The validity of DRPC is further verified by mechanical changes of the cells in response to treatments with cytoskeleton regulators.
“…Assume that the frequency of AT cut quartz crystal equals to that of the BT cut crystal, f 0 AT = f 0 BT = f 0 and combine Equations (10)(11)(12), the contributions of the cells' mass and viscoelastic moduli to the frequency shifts in the parentheses of the second terms in Equations ( 10) and ( 11) can be cancelled out; hence we obtained Equation ( 13) to quantitatively measure the surface stress ΔS generated and exerted to the quartz crystal by a population of living cells in real time t.…”
Section: Wwwadvmatinterfacesdementioning
confidence: 99%
“…BT BT c (11) Consider the relationship between the thickness of quartz crystal and frequency, elastic modulus.…”
Section: Wwwadvmatinterfacesdementioning
confidence: 99%
“…[9,10] Moreover, other factors contributing to cellular functions such as soluble hormones and insoluble extracellular matrix would also affect cellular forces and viscoelasticity. Therefore, mechanical changes are as fundamental as genetic and proteomic changes for living cells; [11] however, mechanical information received much less attention as evidenced by the fact that not even a single routine instrument of cell mechanics is available in biological or clinical labs. [12] Mechanical measurements include both active force and passive viscoelasticity-two sides of a coin.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…[12] Mechanical measurements include both active force and passive viscoelasticity-two sides of a coin. [11] Cellular forces are usually measured by measuring the deformations of known elasticities of deformable gels or microposts, the most common one is traction force microscopy (TFM) which belongs to the former. Cell stiffness or viscoelasticity is usually obtained by applying known forces of certain frequencies to living cells and again by monitoring the resulted deformations, atomic force microscopy (AFM) is the gold standard.…”
Cell mechanics is closely associated with cellular structure and function. However, the inability to measure both cellular force and viscoelasticity of statistically significant number of cells noninvasively remains a challenge for quantitative characterizations of various cellular functions and practical applications. Here a double resonator piezoelectric cytometry (DRPC), using AT and BT cut quartz crystals of the same frequency and surface morphology is developed to simultaneously quantify the cells‐generated forces (ΔS) and viscoelastic moduli (G′, G″) of a population of isolated single cells or cells with different degrees of cell‐cell interactions in a non‐invasive and real time manner. DRPC captures the dynamic mechanical parameters ΔS and G′, G″ during the adhesions of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) under different ligand densities of adhesion molecules fibronectin or Arg‐Gly‐Asp (RGD) modified on the gold surfaces of 9 MHz AT and BT cut quartz crystals, and different seeding densities of HUVECs. It is found that both the ligand density and cell seeding density affect the magnitudes of ΔS and G′, G″ and their correlations are revealed for the first time by DRPC. The validity of DRPC is further verified by mechanical changes of the cells in response to treatments with cytoskeleton regulators.
“…These material properties are defined by combinatorial contributions due to cellular components that show energy dissipation and elastic properties. Novel tools such as atomic force microscopy, optical tweezers, magnetic twisting cytometry and micropipette aspiration have been utilized for characterization of cellular material properties [10,29,30]. However, it remains technically difficult to assess cells in complex environments with microscale resolution.…”
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