Maximum loadability consideration in droop-controlled islanded microgrids optimal power flow

A robust dynamic state estimation for droop controlled islanded microgrids

“…Unlike conventional power grids, power electronic inverter interfaced DG units lack the physical inertia typically available in the synchronous generators rotating masses. Hence, droop control has been extensively adopted in the literature to satisfy the power sharing among DG units in IMGs [2][3][4][5]. In droop-controlled IMGs, a local control unit is implemented in each DG unit to mimic the droop characteristics of synchronous generators.…”

Hierarchical energy and frequency security pricing in a smart microgrid: An equilibrium-inspired epsilon constraint based multi-objective decision making approach

“…Mohammad et al [6] applied a heuristic based algorithm to a non-linear economic dispatch problem of a microgrid. The optimal power flow problem of an islanded microgrid has been solved effectively in [7] subject to the loadability and associated droop control constraints. However, the frequency dependent control functions of the droop controlled DGs and their direct impacts on the microgrid energy and reserve scheduling have not been explored.…”

Economic droop parameter selection for autonomous microgrids including wind turbines

“…This is different from conventional distribution system were the DG units are usually represented as PQ or PV buses, 2) in the islanded microgrids the DG units forming the island are all of small and comparable sizes and there is no one DG unit that is capable of performing the slack bus function. This is different than conventional distribution system representation where the main substation is modelled as a slack bus 3) In droop controlled islanded microgrid system, the system frequency is not constant and is considered as one of the system power flow variable [4,5].…”

“…Based on this concept, the generation load model for the IMG can be obtained by listing all possible combinations of generation output power states and load states. Equation (5) shows that for an islanded microgrid the generation load model is derived by enumerating all possible combinations of generation output power states and load demand states. For wind power DG units, the generation states are calculated by segmenting the continuous probability distribution function (PDF) into several states.…”

“…On the other hand, in islanded microgrid mode of operation, given that the main grid is not available, the generation of the DG units within the island cannot be predetermined and must achieve real-time response to ensure that the microgrid generation is equal to its demand. Moreover, in the islanded microgrid mode of operation, the task of controlling the system voltage and frequency is shared by the DG units forming the island [5].…”