“…Distances are normalized with respect to a nominal scale length, 0 , which is a balance between sensitivity to local dynamics (typically at 0 5a) and avoidance of excessive noise (typically at 0 a). Here, the symbol, a , denotes the absolute average deviation (defined in the paragraph on CSM) as a robust indicator of variability 41 . Another typical TNM is Kolmogorov entropy (K-entropy), K, which measures the rate of information loss per unit time (e.g., bits per second as a measure of predictability), and is the sum of the positive Lyapunov exponents.…”