Maximum Crop Productivity: An Extimate<sup>1</sup>

Loomis, R. S.; Williams, William A.

doi:10.2135/cropsci1963.0011183x000300010021x

Cited by 290 publications

(151 citation statements)

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“…In the absence of limiting abiotic and biotic factors such as water, nutrients, pests, diseases and weeds, the crop dry matter yield depends mainly on the absorbed radiation (Loomis and Williams 1963) under both the sole crop (Shibles and Weber 1966;Monteith 1977;Kiniry et al 1989) and the intercrop growing conditions Willey 1980a, 1980b;Sivakumar and Virmani 1980;1984). Species differences and interspecific complementarities could allow a better dynamic occupation of the spacewhen crops differ in their shoot architecture-and time-when crop life cycles differs (Trenbath 1986;Tsubo et al 2001;Tsubo and Walker 2002;Poggio 2005).…”

Section: Improved Light Interceptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological principles underlying the increase of productivity achieved by cereal-grain legume intercrops in organic farming. A review

Bedoussac¹,

Journet

Hauggaard-Nielsen

et al. 2015

Agron. Sustain. Dev.

505

396

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World population is projected to reach over nine billion by the year 2050, and ensuring food security while mitigating environmental impacts represents a major agricultural challenge. Thus, higher productivity must be reached through sustainable production by taking into account climate change, resources rarefaction like phosphorus and water, and losses of fertile lands. Enhancing crop diversity is increasingly recognized as a crucial lever for sustainable agro-ecological development. Growing legumes, a major biological nitrogen source, is also a powerful option to reduce synthetic nitrogen fertilizers use and associated fossil energy consumption. Organic farming, which does not allow the use of chemical, is also regarded as one prototype to enhance the sustainability of modern agriculture while decreasing environmental impacts. Here, we review the potential advantages of eco-functional intensification in organic farming by intercropping cereal and grain legume species sown and harvested together. Our review is based on a literature analysis reinforced with integration of an original dataset of 58 field experiments conducted since 2001 in contrasted pedo-climatic European conditions in order to generalize the findings and draw up common guidelines. The major points are that intercropping lead to: (i) higher and more stable grain yield than the mean sole crops (0.33 versus 0.27 kg m −2 ), (ii) higher cereal protein concentration than in sole crop (11.1 versus 9.8 %), (iii) higher and more stable gross margin than the mean sole crops (702 versus 577€ha −1 ) and (iv) improved use of abiotic resources according to species complementarities for light interception and use of both soil mineral nitrogen and atmospheric N 2 . Intercropping is particularly suited for low-nitrogen availability systems but further mechanistic understanding is required to propose generic crop management procedures. Also, development of this practice must be achieved with the collaboration of value chain actors such as breeders to select cultivars suited to intercropping.

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Section: Improved Light Interceptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological principles underlying the increase of productivity achieved by cereal-grain legume intercrops in organic farming. A review

Bedoussac¹,

Journet

Hauggaard-Nielsen

et al. 2015

Agron. Sustain. Dev.

505

396

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“…At the leaf level, functional and structural components associated with high growth rates and productivity include total as well as individual leaf area, internal leaf morphology, stomatal morphology and behaviour, leaf growth physiology, and functional traits such as photosynthetic performance [5,13,32,53]. Two of the main factors limiting productivity during the growing season are the time necessary to reach maximal leaf area and the ability to maintain leaf area [39]. According to Ridge et al [57] significant genotypic variation exists in the three physiological components that control total leaf area of poplar trees: individual leaf growth, rate of leaf production and duration of leaf expansion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variability in Populus leaf anatomy and morphology in relation to canopy position, biomass production, and varietal taxon

2007

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-Twelve poplar (Populus) genotypes, belonging to different taxa and to the sections Aigeiros and Tacamahaca, were studied during the third growing season of the second rotation of a high density coppice culture. With the objective to highlight the relationships between leaf traits, biomass production and taxon as well as the influence of canopy position, anatomical and morphological leaf characteristics (i.e. thickness of epidermis, of palisade and spongy parenchyma layers, density and length of stomata, leaf area, specific leaf area (SLA) and nitrogen concentration) were examined for mature leaves from all genotypes and at two canopy positions (upper and lower canopy). Above ground biomass production, anatomical traits, stomatal and morphological leaf characteristics varied significantly among genotypes and between canopy positions. The spongy parenchyma layer was thicker than the palisade parenchyma layer for all genotypes and irrespective of canopy position, except for genotypes belonging to the P. deltoides × P. nigra taxon (section Aigeiros). Leaves at the upper canopy position had higher stomatal density and thicker anatomical layers than leaves at the lower canopy position. Leaf area and nitrogen concentration increased from the bottom to the top of the canopy, while SLA decreased. Positive correlations between biomass production and abaxial stomatal density, as well as between biomass production and nitrogen concentration were found. A principal component analysis (PCA) showed that genotypes belonging to the same taxon had similar anatomical characteristics, and genotypes of the same section also showed common leaf characteristics. However, Wolterson (P. nigra) differed in anatomical leaf characteristics from other genotypes belonging to the same section (section Aigeiros). Hybrids between the two sections (Aigeiros × Tacamahaca) expressed leaf characteristics intermediate between both sections, while their biomass production was low.Populus spp. / taxon / stomatal density and length / thickness of leaf anatomical layers / nitrogen concentration / specific leaf area / productivity Résumé -Variabilité des caractères foliaires anatomiques et morphologiques du peuplier en relation avec la position des feuilles dans la canopée, la production de biomasse et le taxon. Douze génotypes de peuplier (Populus), appartenant à différents taxa ainsi qu'aux sections Aigeiros et Tacamahaca, ont été étudiés durant la troisième saison de croissance de la deuxième rotation d'une plantation à forte densité. L'objectif de l'expérience était de mettre en évidence les relations entre les caractères foliaires, la production de biomasse et le taxon, ainsi que l'influence de la position des feuilles dans la canopée. Pour ce faire, diverses caractéristiques anatomiques et morphologiques des feuilles (épaisseur des épidermes et des parenchymes palissadique et lacuneux, densité et longueur des stomates, surface foliaire, surface foliaire spécifique (SLA) et teneurs en azote) ont été déterminées pour des feuilles matures de ...

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“…Our results showed clearly that under drought stress predominantly in the two treatments (D 3 = 40 % ETc and D 4 = pluvial), TDM and PAR abs decreased significantly with deficit irrigation.This result was consistent with the findings of Tesfaye et al (2006), they found that the dry matter production is linearly related to PAR interception and they reclaimed that the low TDM production in the MS treatment (Mid-season stress=Flowering/pod setting) is principally attributed to low PAR interception. In fact, irrigation is important factor for plant productivity which plays vital role in biomass accumulation, dry matter partitioning and grain development (Hasanuzzaman and Karim 2007;Hasanuzzaman et al, 2008).There is a linear relationship between cumulative-intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (PAR abs) and accumulated-biomass (Loomis and Williams, 1963;Monteith, 1972;1977;Gallagher and Biscoe, 1978;Kiniry et al, 1989;Russell et al, 1989;Sinclair and Muchow, 1999;Ceotto and Castelli, 2002;Rezig et al, 2013a;2013b;. Therefore, determining RUE is an important approach for understanding crop growth and yield (Sinclair and Muchow, 1999).Results in table 1 showed that the radiation use efficiency (RUE) decreased with deficit irrigation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does Deficit Irrigation Affect the Relation between Radiation Interception and Water Consumption for Durum Wheat (Triticum durum Desf)?

Rezig

M’hamed

Naceur

2015

EER

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Total Dray Matter (TDM), Photosynthetically Active Radiation Intercepted (PARabs), Water Consumption (WC), Water use-(WUE), Radiation use efficiency (RUE) and the relationship between Radiation Interception and Water Consumption for Durum Wheat were investigate under different irrigation amount (D 1 = 100 % ETc; D 2 = 70 % ETc; D 3 = 40 % ETc and D 4 = pluvial) and during three growing seasons (2005-2006, 2006-2007 and 2007-2008). Results showed that, the cumulative PAR abs decreased with deficit irrigation. In fact, D 1 treatment recorded the highest cumulative PAR abs and the lowest marked underD 4 treatment. Similarly, TDM and RUE were decreased with deficit irrigation. The highest RUE observed under the D 1 (from 1.32 to 1.43 g MJ -1 ) and the lowest under D 4 (from 1.17 to 1.29 g MJ -1 ). However WUE increased with deficit irrigation. The highest WUE were obtained under the D 4 (from 3 to 4 kg m -3 ) and the lowest were observed under D 1 (from 2.8 to 3.1 kg m -3 ). Significant linear relationship was found between cumulative PAR abs and cumulative water consumption with a high correlation coefficient (R 2 ) only under the two treatments D 1 and D 2 .

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Maximum Crop Productivity: An Extimate¹

Cited by 290 publications

References 0 publications

Ecological principles underlying the increase of productivity achieved by cereal-grain legume intercrops in organic farming. A review

Ecological principles underlying the increase of productivity achieved by cereal-grain legume intercrops in organic farming. A review

Variability in Populus leaf anatomy and morphology in relation to canopy position, biomass production, and varietal taxon

Does Deficit Irrigation Affect the Relation between Radiation Interception and Water Consumption for Durum Wheat (Triticum durum Desf)?

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Maximum Crop Productivity: An Extimate1

Cited by 290 publications

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Ecological principles underlying the increase of productivity achieved by cereal-grain legume intercrops in organic farming. A review

Ecological principles underlying the increase of productivity achieved by cereal-grain legume intercrops in organic farming. A review

Variability in Populus leaf anatomy and morphology in relation to canopy position, biomass production, and varietal taxon

Does Deficit Irrigation Affect the Relation between Radiation Interception and Water Consumption for Durum Wheat (Triticum durum Desf)?

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Maximum Crop Productivity: An Extimate¹