Maximizing versus satisficing: Happiness is a matter of choice.

Schwartz, Barry; Ward, Andrew; Monterosso, John; Lyubomirsky, Sonja; White, Katherine; Lehman, Darrin R.

doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.5.1178

Cited by 1,212 publications

(1,764 citation statements)

References 82 publications

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“…This gives the present study broad relevance beyond the field of negotiations research. 10 We also conducted analyses with additional control variablesnotably, individual differences in respondents' tendencies to maximize versus satisfice (Iyengar, Wells, & Schwartz, 2006;Schwartz et al, 2002), as well as expert ratings of the difficulty of negotiating in each particular industry. The inclusion of these variables did not alter the results of any of the hypothesis tests presented.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Getting off on the right foot: Subjective value versus economic value in predicting longitudinal job outcomes from job offer negotiations.

Curhan

Elfenbein

Kilduff

2009

Journal of Applied Psychology

111

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Although negotiation experiences can affect a negotiator's ensuing attitudes and behavior, little is known about their long-term consequences. Using a longitudinal survey design, the authors tested the degree to which economic and subjective value achieved in job offer negotiations predicts employees' subsequent job attitudes and intentions concerning turnover. Results indicate that subjective value predicts greater compensation satisfaction and job satisfaction and lower turnover intention measured 1 year later. Surprisingly, the economic outcomes that negotiators achieved had no apparent effects on these factors. Implications, limitations, and future directions are discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Getting off on the right foot: Subjective value versus economic value in predicting longitudinal job outcomes from job offer negotiations.

Curhan

Elfenbein

Kilduff

2009

Journal of Applied Psychology

111

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Participants then completed an unrelated filler task. Finally, participants responded via computer (running MediaLab software) to the regret scale developed by Schwartz et al (2002;see Appendix). Participants completed the measure twice: once from their own perspective and once from the perspective of a close friend.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In general, I tend to feel this emotion often Overall, this emotion is bad for me Regret Scale (Schwartz et al 2002) (study 2) 1. Whenever I make a choice, I'm curious about what would have happened if I had chosen differently 2.…”

Section: Appendixmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Regret typically implies self-blame for unfortunate events (Connolly and Zeelenberg 2002). Individuals who ruminate on their regrets are more likely to report reduced life satisfaction and to experience difficulty coping with negative life events (e.g., Lecci et al 1994;Schwartz et al 2002). Regret is additionally problematic because of its biasing effect on decision-making, an idea central to regret theories in economics (e.g., Bell 1982; Connolly and Butler 2006).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Such a pattern would be entirely consistent with the literature on selfenhancing bias, however, to the extent that people see their regret experiences in a largely favorable light. Therefore, participants completed the regret scale from Schwartz et al (2002) both for themselves and as they imagined a close other might complete it for himself or herself. …”

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confidence: 99%

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Praise for regret: People value regret above other negative emotions

2008

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What do people think about the emotion of regret? Recent demonstrations of the psychological benefits of regret have been framed against an assumption that most people find regret to be aversive, both when experienced but also when recalled later. Two studies explored lay evaluations of regret experiences, revealing them to be largely favorable rather than unfavorable. Study 1 demonstrated that regret, but not other negative emotions, was dominated by positive more than negative evaluations. In both studies 1 and 2, although participants saw a great deal of benefit from their negative emotions, regret stood out as particularly beneficial. Indeed, in study 2, regret was seen to be the most beneficial of 12 negative emotions on all five functions of: making sense of past experiences, facilitating approach behaviors, facilitating avoidance behaviors, gaining insights into the self, and in preserving social harmony. Moreover, in study 2, individuals made self-serving ascriptions of regret, reporting greater regret experiences for themselves than for others. In short, people value their regrets substantially more than they do other negative emotions. KeywordsRegret; Counterfactual; Affect; Emotion At first glance, it would seem uncontroversial to make the claim "regret is bad." After all, regret is a negative emotion hinging on the recognition that a personal action could have made the past better (Landman 1993;Zeelenberg 1999). Regret typically implies self-blame for unfortunate events (Connolly and Zeelenberg 2002). Individuals who ruminate on their regrets are more likely to report reduced life satisfaction and to experience difficulty coping with negative life events (e.g., Lecci et al. 1994;Schwartz et al. 2002). Regret is additionally problematic because of its biasing effect on decision-making, an idea central to regret theories in economics (e.g., Bell 1982; Connolly and Butler 2006). At a more basic level, regret (like any negative emotion) is intrinsically aversive, hence individuals are motivated to avoid it, even if this means sacrificing an objectively superior reward (Zeelenberg et al. 1996).Although early depictions of regret emphasized various dysfunctional aspects, newer conceptions additionally have emphasized its functional basis, particularly in terms of triggering behavior change aimed at remediation (Landman 1993;Roese and Summerville Correspondence to: Neal J. Roese. Markman et al. 2008;Roese 1994Roese , 1997. Counterfactual inference, by identifying a cause of a problem, helps make sense of negative experience. For example, a student thinking "If only I had studied harder" may on subsequent exams study harder and hence perform better. Counterfactual thinking may be useful both for approach behaviors (e.g., studying harder) as well as avoidance behaviors (e.g., staying away from parties the night before an exam). Further, in seeing causal connections between past actions and outcomes, counterfactual thinking and hence regret may help people to place events into context, thereby making ...

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