Maximizing the performance of single and multijunction MA and lead-free perovskite solar cell

High quality lead-free perovskites toward white light emitting diodes and X-ray imaging

“…6,7 However, the toxicity and stability problems of lead halide perovskites hinder their practical application for long-term operation. 8 Hence, the exploration of lead-free perovskites with high-performance has attracted particular attention based on the substitution of Pb 2+ ions with nontoxic metal elements (Sn 2+ , 9 Ge 2+ , 10 Mn 2+ , 11 Bi 3+ , 12 In 3+ , 13 and Sb 3+ 14–16 ). The as-explored inorganic lead-free metal halide perovskites (LFHPs) including CsSnCl 3 , 17 CsGeI 3 , 18 CsMnBr 3 , 19 Cs 3 Bi 2 Br 9 , 20 Cs 3 In 2 Br 9 , 21 and Cs 3 Sb 2 I 9 22 exhibit potential for ion detection, solar cells, anti-counterfeiting, information storage, lasers and photodetectors, respectively.…”

Numerical Analysis of CsSnGeI<sub>3</sub> Perovskite Solar Cells Using SCAPS-1D

“…The parameters for different layers in the simulation are chosen on the basis of theoretical considerations, experimental data and existing literature or in some cases, reasonable estimation [43][44][45][46][47][48], [37], Table 1 summarizes the simulation parameters for the configuration. In the given parameters Eg is the energy bandgap, ϵr is the relative permittivity, χ being the electron affinity, µn and µp are the electron and hole nobilities respectively.…”

Lead-free all-inorganic halide double perovskite materials for optoelectronic applications: progress, performance and design

“…There have been studies on the replacement of Pb 2+ with other IVA group metal cations, such as Ge 2+ and Sn 2+ . 23,24 However, the instability of these materials remains an issue due to the oxidization of their bivalent cations to tetravalent ones (e.g., Ge 4+ and Sn 4+ ) under ambient conditions. 25 Alternatively, perovskites with the chemical formulas of Cs 3 M(III) 2 X 9 and Cs 2 M(IV)X 6 have been synthesized, where X represents a halogen element; M(III) and M(IV) are trivalent cations (for instance, Bi 3+ and Sb 3+ ) [26][27][28] and tetravalent cations (for instance, Sn 4+ and Ti 4+ ), [29][30][31] respectively.…”