Maximization of Extractable Randomness in a Quantum Random-Number Generator

Haw, Jing Yan; Assad, Syed M.; Lance, Andrew M.; Ng, Nelly Huei Ying; Sharma, Vikram; Lam, Ping Koy; Symul, Thomas

doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.3.054004

Cited by 110 publications

(126 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…To summarize, we have applied the machine learning algorithm to examine potential patterns in the raw entropies from a QRNG setup. In particular, we analyze the data from different stages of the continuous variable QRNG in [19]. While the classical noise themselves have large entropy, they are more prone to interference from the deterministic source as shown by our deep learning results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Machine Learning Cryptanalysis of a Quantum Random Number Generator

Truong

Haw

Assad

et al. 2019

IEEE Trans.Inform.Forensic Secur.

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Random number generators (RNGs) that are crucial for cryptographic applications have been the subject of adversarial attacks. These attacks exploit environmental information to predict generated random numbers that are supposed to be truly random and unpredictable. Though quantum random number generators (QRNGs) are based on intrinsic indeterministic nature of quantum properties, the presence of classical noise in the measurement process compromises the integrity of a QRNG. In this paper, we develop a predictive machine learning analysis to investigate the impact of deterministic classical noise in different stages of an optical continuous variable QRNG. Our machine learning (ML) model successfully detects inherent correlations when the deterministic noise sources are prominent. After appropriate filtering and randomness extraction processes are introduced, our QRNG system, in turn, demonstrates its robustness against ML. We further demonstrate the robustness of our machine learning approach by applying it to uniformly distributed random numbers from the QRNG and a congruential RNG. Hence, our result shows that machine learning has potentials in benchmarking the quality of RNG devices.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Machine Learning Cryptanalysis of a Quantum Random Number Generator

Truong

Haw

Assad

et al. 2019

IEEE Trans.Inform.Forensic Secur.

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“…The number of units of all weight-loss dietary supplements sold in Hawaii from January-September 2013 was requested from retail chains to estimate OEP market share in Hawaii. [16] HDOH collaborated with the FDA to collect any remaining product from cases. Lot numbers and detailed product and container pictures were obtained.…”

Section: Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatotoxicity associated with the dietary supplement OxyELITE Pro™ — Hawaii, 2013

Johnston

Chang

Viray

et al. 2015

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Dietary supplements are increasingly marketed to and consumed by the American public for a variety of purported health benefits. On 9 September 2013, the Hawaii Department of Health (HDOH) was notified of a cluster of acute hepatitis and fulminant hepatic failure among individuals with exposure to the dietary supplement OxyELITE Pro™ (OEP). HDOH conducted an outbreak investigation in collaboration with federal partners. Physicians were asked to report cases, defined as individuals with acute onset hepatitis of unknown etiology on or after 1 April 2013, a history of weight-loss/muscle-building dietary supplement use during the 60 days before illness onset, and residence in Hawaii during the period of exposure. Reported cases’ medical records were reviewed, questionnaires were administered, and a product investigation, including chemical analyses and trace back, was conducted. Of 76 reports, 44 (58%) met case definition; of these, 36 (82%) reported OEP exposure during the two months before illness. No other common supplements or exposures were observed. Within the OEP-exposed subset, two patients required liver transplantation, and a third patient died. Excessive product dosing was not reported. No unique lot numbers were identified; there were multiple mainland distribution points, and lot numbers common to cases in Hawaii were also identified in continental states. Product analysis found consumed products were consistent with labeled ingredients; the mechanism of hepatotoxicity was not identified. We report one of the largest statewide outbreaks of dietary supplement-associated hepatotoxicity. The implicated product was OEP. The increasing popularity of dietary supplements raises the potential for additional clusters of dietary supplement-related adverse events.

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“…In a sense, we assume that the classical noise is known to the adversary but not malicious. In a recent work, the malicious classical noise scenario is considered by quantifying the randomness with conditional minentropy [19]. Assuming the classical noise e to be also Gaussian, in our min-entropy formula, Eq.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Randomness generation based on spontaneous emissions of lasers

Zhou

Yuan

2015

Phys. Rev. A

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Random number plays a key role in information science, especially in cryptography. Based on the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics, quantum random number generators can produce genuine randomness. In particular, random numbers can be produced from laser phase fluctuations with a very high speed, typically in the Gbps regime. In this work, by developing a physical model, we investigate the origin of the randomness in quantum random number generators based on laser phase fluctuations. We show how the randomness essentially stems from spontaneous emissions. The laser phase fluctuation can be quantitatively evaluated from basic principles and also qualitatively explained by the Brownian motion model. After taking account of practical device precisions, we show that the randomness generation speed is limited by the finite resolution of detection devices. Our result also provides the optimal experiment design in order to achieve the maximum generation speed.

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Maximization of Extractable Randomness in a Quantum Random-Number Generator

Cited by 110 publications

References 52 publications

Machine Learning Cryptanalysis of a Quantum Random Number Generator

Machine Learning Cryptanalysis of a Quantum Random Number Generator

Hepatotoxicity associated with the dietary supplement OxyELITE Pro™ — Hawaii, 2013

Randomness generation based on spontaneous emissions of lasers

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