Maximization of distributed generation by considering system operating limits and protection reach reduction as constraints

Abstract

Increased distributed generation (DG) in systems always brings about the impacts on maintaining the operation of protection systems. This paper concentrates on the impact on the protection reach reduction and proposes a solution to eliminate this impact by using a suitable DG transformer in parallel with a grounding reactance at the neutral point of the transformer's winding. Based on this, a Tabu search algorithm is proposed to maximize DG when the system operating limits and the protection reach reduction are considered as constraints. In order to illustrate the effectiveness of this algorithm, a case study is performed through an IEEE 34 Node Test Feeder. connection. Section 3 analyzse this issue, and then an appropriate connection type is proposed. After analyzing impacts of DG on the reach of relay in Section 4, a practical and robust algorithm for maximizing DG is developed in Section 5 using a sensitivitybased method. This method gradually increases the size of DG until the constraints of system operating limits and protection reach reduction are reached. To extend the method to several DG systems, the multivariable optimization problem is developed by using the Tabu search algorithm, which is presented in Section 6. Then, these two algorithms are applied to an IEEE 34 Node Test Feeder in Section 7.Dao Van Tu (Student member) received the Engineer degree and master's degree in power systems from Ha Noi

Modeling challenges and potential solutions for integration of emerging DERs in DMS applications: power flow and short-circuit analysis

“…Moreover, the international standards for fault calculations [105][106][107] do not provide suitable models for emerging DERs, as they use the traditional induction machine models for representing DFIMs, and provide only brief and inaccurate instructions for modeling IBDERs without considering the FRT requirements. However, in the recent literature, several promising solutions for IBDER and DFIM models have been proposed [88,90,[111][112][113][114][115], and the proposed models cover several different cases of IBDER and DFIM operation. Therefore, if properly integrated in DMS calculations, these models would be able to represent emerging DERs with high precision in any operating mode, and in that way, avoid inaccurate results.…”

“…However, most of the grid codes require IBDERs to inject reactive power throughout the duration of the fault, in order to improve voltage recovery time. Therefore, in [31,112], IBDER models consisting of purely reactive controlled current sources with values limited to 1.5 of the rated values were proposed. These models should only be used in cases when the IBDERs inject fault current that is purely reactive.…”

“…Finally, in [111][112][113][114][115], IBDER fault models based on FRT requirements are proposed, but with contributions from both positive and negative sequence currents. In these models, the fault currents are also limited to 1.5 of their rated values.…”

Sustainable protection coordination in presence of distributed generation with distributed network

“…Distributed generations (DG) are getting penetration in existing power systems because of their economical, technical, and environmental benefits to meet the electricity demand with maximum efficiency . DGs integration in the system may impose unfavorable technical limitations on effective performance of huge power system . With the integration of DGs, the fuse recloser coordination may be lost because of unintended fault current contribution by DGs, which can convert temporary faults into permanent faults.…”

“…2,3 DGs integration in the system may impose unfavorable technical limitations on effective performance of huge power system. [4][5][6][7][8] With the integration of existing protection system unlike other solutions in the literature that involve major changes like the proposed solutions in Koumba et al and Funmilayo et al, 17,18 which require replacement of each relay with smart bidirectional relays and special circuit breakers that are remotely communicated and controlled. The proposed scheme also works very well on fuse saving scheme, which will also be represented in results section.…”