Maximal inspiratory pressure following endurance training at altitude

Hanel, Birgitte; Levine, Benjamin D.; Engfred, K.; Clifford, Philip S.; Friedman, D. B.; Secher, Niels H.

doi:10.1080/00140139408963623

Cited by 5 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…This finding is in agreement with most other retrospective studies which have demonstrated that, compared to untrained subjects, similar values of PI max are seen in highly trained skiers, 5 competitive swimmers 6,7 and long‐distance runners 6,7 . Also, prospective studies in healthy humans generally report no changes in PI max after running or cycling training, 8–11 although one study has documented improvements after swimming training 22 …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Respiratory muscle strength, expressed as the mouth pressure generated during maximal inspiratory efforts against a closed airway, 4 is not augmented in endurance athletes with a background of skiing, 5 swimming 6,7 or running 6,7 . Running and cycling training programmes do not improve respiratory muscle strength 8–11 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…and cycling training programmes do not improve respiratory muscle strength. [8][9][10][11] Metabolic changes consistent with improved respiratory muscle endurance have been reported in animal studies following various types of endurance training [12][13][14][15][16] although this does not seem to apply to the diaphragm's oxidative capacity. [17][18][19][20][21] In humans, improved ventilatory muscle endurance is reported after swimming, 22 running 10 or cycling training.…”

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confidence: 98%

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Inspiratory muscle performance in endurance athletes and sedentary subjects

2001

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Objective: The aim of this study was to determine whether whole‐body endurance training is associated with increased respiratory muscle strength and endurance. Methodology: Respiratory muscle strength (maximum inspiratory pressure (PImax)) and endurance (progressive threshold loading of the inspiratory muscles) were measured in six marathon runners and six sedentary subjects. Results: PImax was similar between the two groups of subjects but the maximum threshold pressure achieved was greater in marathon runners (90 ± 8 vs 78 ± 10% of PImax, respectively, mean ± SD, P < 0.05). During progressive threshold loading, marathon runners breathed with lower frequency, higher tidal volume, and longer inspiratory and expiratory time. At maximum threshold pressure, marathon runners had lower arterial O2 saturation, but perceived effort (Borg scale) was maximal in both groups. Efficiency of the respiratory muscles was similar in both groups being 2.0 ± 1.7% and 2.3 ± 1.8% for marathon runners and sedentary subjects, respectively. Conclusions: The apparent increase in respiratory muscle endurance of athletes was a consequence of a difference in the breathing pattern adopted during loaded breathing rather than respiratory muscle strength or efficiency. This implies that sensory rather than respiratory muscle conditioning may be an important mechanism by which whole‐body endurance is increased.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 98%

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Inspiratory muscle performance in endurance athletes and sedentary subjects

2001

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“…This ®nding supports the work of Levine et al (1992), Engfred et al (1994) and Hanel et al (1994), all of whom used a similar experimental protocol, with untrained subjects. The lack of additional improvement in O 2 max in the group training at altitude suggests that acute exposure to hypobaric hypoxia does not contribute signi®cantly to the mechanism(s) responsible for the improvement in O 2 max with endurance training.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Training-induced increases in sea level V?O2 m a x and endurance are not enhanced by acute hypobaric exposure

Emonson

Aminuddin

Wight

et al. 1997

European Journal of Applied Physiology

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The present study used untrained subjects to examine the effect of acute hypobaric exposure during endurance training on subsequent exercise performance at sea level. Two groups, each of nine subjects, completed 5 weeks of endurance training [cycle ergometer exercise for 45 min, three times per week at a heart rate corresponding to 70% of that achieved at the maximal O2 consumption (VO2max) either at sea level or at high altitude] in a hypobaric chamber, under either normobaric [sea level, SL; 750 mmHg (100 kPa) approximately 90 m] or hypobaric [altitude, ALT; 554 mmHg (73.4 kPa) approximately 2500 m] conditions and the changes in SL VO2max, SL endurance time and peak blood lactate during the endurance test compared. While each group showed increases in both SL VO2max (approximately 12%) and SL endurance time (approximately 71%), there were no significant differences between the groups [SL VO2max, mean (SE)-SL group: pre-training = 42.4 (3.5), post-training = 46.1 (3.5) ml.kg-1.min-1, P < 0.005; ALT group: pre-training = 40.8 (2.6), post-training = 47.2 (3.4) ml.kg-1.min-1, P < 0.01; SL endurance time-SL group: pre-training 7.1 (1.5), post-training 11.8 (2.9) min, P < 0.01; ALT group: pre-training = 7.5 (0.6), post-training = 13.3 (1.4) min, P < 0.001]. Peak blood lactate during the endurance test was not altered by either training regimen. It is concluded that acute exposure of untrained subjects to hypobaric hypoxia during endurance training has no synergistic effect on the degree of improvement in either SL VO2max or endurance time.

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“…Considering the findings of similar research, authors such as Coast et al [16] and Hanel et al [25] did not observe an increase in respiratory muscle strength as a result of endurance training on a cycle ergometer or in the form of cross-country skiing. Cordain et al [17], Armour et al [15], and Estwood et al [18] found no significant differences in PImax between swimmers, cross-country runners, and marathon runners and the control groups (untrained subjects).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Effects of Endurance Training on Functional Status of the Respiratory Muscles in Healthy Men

Klusiewicz

Zubik

Długołęcka

et al. 2017

Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism

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Introduction. The aim of the study was to assess the influence of an 8-week endurance training program on the functional status of the respiratory muscles and breathing efficiency. Material and methods. Thirteen healthy, untrained, male students of Physical Education volunteered to participate in the study. Before and after the subjects completed the training program, they were subjected to anthropometric and spirometric measurements, and performed an incremental stress test. The spirometric measurements included maximal inspiratory pressure (PImax), active time, passive time, and diaphragm relaxation time. Measuring PImax is a simple method of evaluating the strength of the inspiratory muscles. The 8-week training program was performed on a rowing ergometer 3 times per week, using aerobic workloads. Results. The study did not confirm a significant improvement in the measured spirometric parameters following the training program. However, we observed a trend of increase in PImax values by 12 ± 21% of borderline after the training program and a significant correlation (p < 0.05) between the changes in PImax and those in VO2 max. Following the training there was also a significant reduction in the amount of body fat by 1.4 kg and an improvement of work capacity. The response of the respiratory system to exercise was also enhanced, as breathing efficiency improved (tidal volume increased in maximal exercise, while lung ventilation, the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen, and breathing frequency decreased in submaximal exercise). Conclusions. The findings of the study suggest that traditional endurance training which is implemented over a 8 weeks is not a sufficiently strong stimulus to cause a significant increase in the strength of the inspiratory muscles.

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Maximal inspiratory pressure following endurance training at altitude

Cited by 5 publications

References 19 publications

Inspiratory muscle performance in endurance athletes and sedentary subjects

Inspiratory muscle performance in endurance athletes and sedentary subjects

Training-induced increases in sea level V?O2 m a x and endurance are not enhanced by acute hypobaric exposure

Effects of Endurance Training on Functional Status of the Respiratory Muscles in Healthy Men

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