Maximal aerobic exercise in pregnant women: heart rate, O2 consumption, CO2 production, and ventilation

Lotgering, F.K.; Doorn, M. B. Van; Struijk, P. C.; Pool, J; Wallenburg, H. C. S.

doi:10.1152/jappl.1991.70.3.1016

Cited by 79 publications

(64 citation statements)

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“…The exercise intensity achieved in the present study by sheep in the intensive exercise test (30 min, 8% slope, 4 -4.4 km/h) is probably ϳ50 -60% of V O 2max , based on studies in pregnant sheep (26). V O 2max has not been reported in nonpregnant sheep, but it is probably similar to that of pregnant sheep at similar body weights, since V O 2max remains similar before and throughout pregnancy in women (21,30). Our results suggest that even half an hour of acute exercise at moderate exercise intensity in the sheep is sufficient to increase insulin-stimulated whole body glucose uptake for at least 18 h after acute exercise.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 46%

Acute exercise increases insulin sensitivity in adult sheep: a new preclinical model

McConell

Kaur

Falcão-Tebas

et al. 2015

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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In healthy humans and rodents, chronic and acute exercise improves subsequent insulin sensitivity of skeletal muscle. A large animal species with similar metabolic responses to exercise would permit longitudinal studies, including repeated biopsies of muscle and other tissues not possible in rodents, and enable study of interactions with insulin-resistant physiological states not feasible in humans. Therefore, we examined whether acute exercise increases insulin sensitivity in adult sheep. Insulin sensitivity was measured by hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp (HEC) in mature female sheep (n ϭ 7). Sheep were familiarized to treadmill walking and then performed an acute exercise bout (30 min, 8% slope, up to 4.4 km/h). A second HEC was conducted ϳ18 h after the acute exercise. Musculus semimembranosus biopsies were obtained before and after each HEC. Glucose infusion rate during the HEC increased 40% (P ϭ 0.003) and insulin sensitivity (glucose infusion rate/plasma insulin concentration) increased 32% (P ϭ 0.028) after acute exercise. Activation of proximal insulin signaling in skeletal muscle after the HEC, measured as Ser 473 phosphorylation of Akt, increased approximately five-fold in response to insulin (P Ͻ 0.001) and was unaltered by acute exercise performed 18 h earlier. PGC1␣ and GLUT4 protein, glycogen content and citrate synthase activity in skeletal muscle did not change in response to insulin or exercise. In conclusion, improved insulin sensitivity and unchanged proximal insulin signaling on the day after acute exercise in sheep are consistent with responses in humans and rodents, suggesting that the sheep is an appropriate large-animal model in which to study responses to exercise. exercise; insulin sensitivity; muscle; sheep REGULAR EXERCISE TRAINING increases insulin-stimulated whole body and skeletal muscle glucose uptake in humans, in healthy individuals as well as in those who have Type 2 diabetes (T2D) or are obese or aged (reviewed by Refs. 14, 31, 45). Increased expression of hexokinase 2, some insulin signaling proteins and GLUT4, and greater insulin-induced vasodilation are implicated as mechanisms for enhanced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake after training (14,31,45). Exercise training probably acts mainly at distal sites to increase glucose uptake, with the balance of evidence, suggesting that proximal insulin signaling is not upregulated (14, 38). Importantly, a single bout of exercise also increases the insulin sensitivity of glucose uptake during the following 4 -48 h in healthy humans (34,46,52,54,55). Similar effects have been demonstrated in rodents, where an acute exercise bout increases in vitro insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in mouse muscle 85 min after exercise (18) and in rat muscle collected 3-16 h after a single bout of exercise (8,15,19,43,44). Available evidence from studies in humans and rodents suggests that acute exercise, like exercise training, increases insulin sensitivity without changes in proximal insulin signaling (reviewed in Ref. 31).A large animal model with...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 46%

Acute exercise increases insulin sensitivity in adult sheep: a new preclinical model

McConell

Kaur

Falcão-Tebas

et al. 2015

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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“…Finally, the Actiheart device used in the study was shown to provide accurate estimates of energy expenditure vs indirect calorimetry over a broad range of activities (sedentary behaviors to vigorous PA) in the field setting among men and nonpregnant women, but it was not validated specifically for pregnant women. As pregnancy-induced physiological changes might influence the estimates (Lotgering et al, 1991), an individual calibration was performed. We experimentally derived individual HR-AEE relationship in the Energy expenditure during pregnancy in Switzerland K Melzer et al participants to account for possible pregnancy-induced changes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As pregnancy changes the HR and AEE relationship (Lotgering et al, 1991), the device was calibrated each time for each individual using a standard step test, an inbuilt function of the Actiheart software. The women stepped up and down a 15 cm high step progressively increasing step frequency from 15 to 32.5 body lifts per minute (rate of change: 2.5 body lifts per min 2 ).…”

Section: Indirect Calorimetry Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pregnancy-related changes in activity energy expenditure and resting metabolic rate in Switzerland

et al. 2009

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Background/Objectives: To measure resting metabolic rate (RMR), activity energy expenditure (AEE), total energy expenditure (TEE) and physical activity pattern, that is, duration and intensity (in metabolic equivalents, METs) of activities performed in late pregnancy compared with postpartum in healthy, well-nourished women living in Switzerland. Subjects/Methods: Weight, height, RMR, AEE, TEE and physical activity patterns were measured longitudinally in 27 healthy women aged 23-40 years at 38.2 ± 1.5 weeks of gestation and 40.0 ± 7.2 weeks postpartum. Results: The RMR during late pregnancy was 7480 kJ per day, that is, 1320±760 kJ per day (21.4%) higher than the postpartum RMR (Po0.001). Absolute changes in RMR were positively correlated with the corresponding changes in body weight (r ¼ 0.61, Po0.001). RMR per kg body weight was similar in late pregnancy vs postpartum (P ¼ 0.28). AEE per kg during pregnancy and postpartum was 40 ± 13 and 50 ± 20 kJ/kg, respectively (P ¼ 0.001). There were significant differences in daily time spent at METso1.5 (1067 vs 998 min, P ¼ 0.045), at 2.5pMETs o3.0 (58 vs 82 min, P ¼ 0.002) and METsX6 (1 vs 6 min, P ¼ 0.014) during pregnancy and postpartum, respectively. Conclusions: Energy expenditure in healthy women living in Switzerland increases in pregnancy compared with the postpartum state. Additional energy expenditure is primarily attributed to an increase in RMR, which is partly compensated by a decrease in AEE. The decrease in physical activity-related energy costs is achieved by selecting less demanding activities and should be taken into account when defining extra energy requirements for late pregnancy in Switzerland.

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“…Details of subjects, study protocol, and data on peak val ues of heart rate (HR), V o 2, V c o 2, and V e have been pre viously reported (4). In short, a physical and obstetric exami nation was performed to confirm the health of all individuals participating in the study.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We pro pose th a t a reduction in Vco2 relative to Vo2 during exercise in pregnant compared with nonpregnant women most likely reflects a reduction in the buffering of lactic acid above AT during gestation. A reduction in RC of metabolic acidosis above the RC point would result in extreme respiratory acidosis and is unlikely because it is not in keeping with the known respiratory drive in pregnant women and the higher peak Ve ob served in pregnant than in postpartum women (4).…”

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confidence: 99%

Anaerobic threshold and respiratory compensation in pregnant women

Lotgering

Struijk

Doorn

et al. 1995

Journal of Applied Physiology

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In an effort to explore why CO2 output (VCO2) at peak exercise is lower during pregnancy than postpartum despite little change in the peak O2 uptake (VO2), we determined the VCO2/VO2 relationship during rapidly incremental exercise and estimated the anaerobic threshold (AT) and the respiratory compensation (RC) point. We measured heart rate, VO2, VCO2, and minute ventilation (VE) at rest and during cycle exercise tests with rapidly increasing exercise intensities until maximal effort in 33 volunteers at 16-, 25-, and 35-wk gestation and postpartum. Through modification of the V-slope method, we estimated the AT and RC point for each test by nonlinear regression analysis in a three-dimensional space (defined by VE, VO2, and VCO2) for a line assumed to have two breakpoints; we found a good fit for all tests. The AT and RC points were found at exercise intensities of approximately 50 and 80% peak VO2, respectively, with no significant differences between test periods. VE was significantly higher during pregnancy than during postpartum at rest and throughout incremental exercise. A lower peak VCO2 relative to peak VO2 during pregnancy compared with postpartum was reflected by a more shallow slope of VCO2 vs. VO2 above the AT point. This suggests that during pregnancy the buffering of lactic acid is reduced.

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Maximal aerobic exercise in pregnant women: heart rate, O2 consumption, CO2 production, and ventilation

Cited by 79 publications

References 0 publications

Acute exercise increases insulin sensitivity in adult sheep: a new preclinical model

Acute exercise increases insulin sensitivity in adult sheep: a new preclinical model

Pregnancy-related changes in activity energy expenditure and resting metabolic rate in Switzerland

Anaerobic threshold and respiratory compensation in pregnant women

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