Maxillofacial Fractures: From Diagnosis to Treatment

Esmaeelinejad, Mohammad

doi:10.5772/intechopen.76166

Cited by 5 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…First, an oral and maxillofacial surgeon with more than ten years of experience made a list of all possible signs and symptoms related to oral and maxillofacial trauma that he could remember. Second, all these signs and symptoms were checked during an extensive literature review and any missing signs and symptoms were added to the list 8,11 . The items were generated based on questions from validated tools in the health field 12 and adapted to situations experienced by patients with oral and maxillofacial trauma.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Second, all these signs and symptoms were checked during an extensive literature review and any missing signs and symptoms were added to the list. 8,11 The items were generated based on questions from validated tools in the health field 12 and adapted to situations experienced by patients with oral and maxillofacial trauma.…”

Section: Materials S and Me Thodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Oral and maxillofacial trauma requires a thorough evaluation of facial sensory and motor systems ‐ such as sight, hearing, taste, smell, breathing, the dental occlusion, etc. Importantly, vital structures of the head and face, such as airways, blood vessels, and innervation, may be involved in such trauma 8 . However, depending on the severity of the trauma, the evaluation of these important structures is often overlooked.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Checklist for the initial evaluation of oral and maxillofacial trauma

Souza

Fernandes

Galvão

et al. 2020

Dental Traumatology

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Background/Aim The standardization of the maxillofacial examination using a validated checklist is highly important. A checklist can also be a valuable tool for epidemiological studies, as it provides all clinical information related to maxillofacial trauma. The aim of this study was to propose a new checklist for the initial evaluation of maxillofacial trauma. Material and Methods The development and validation of the new checklist were performed in four consecutive phases: (a) determination of items and development of the checklist; (b) analysis by experts; (c) pre‐test; and (d) pilot study. The checklist was designed as follows: (a) Specific signs and symptoms (Part 1); (b) Specific signs and symptoms (Part 2); (c) Intraoral signs and symptoms; and (d) Imaging examination. Results A good level of agreement was found among the experts and no items were excluded during the validation step. The administration of the instrument to the target population revealed the lack of some important aspects of the clinical evaluation, such as halitosis, otorrhea, petechiae, eyelid ptosis, hypo/hyperacusis, and temporomandibular join sounds. These missing signs were included in the final version. Conclusions This checklist is a practical guide that can be used by specialists or students in oral and maxillofacial surgery and it can contribute to the quality of health care at outpatient and oral‐maxillofacial surgery services for patients with maxillofacial trauma.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Materials S and Me Thodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Checklist for the initial evaluation of oral and maxillofacial trauma

Souza

Fernandes

Galvão

et al. 2020

Dental Traumatology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Although maxillofacial fractures rarely require immediate surgical intervention, accompanying structural brain injuries are often a surgical emergency. 1,2,3,4,5 Facial trauma often causes injury to soft tissues, teeth, bone components including mandible, maxilla, zygoma, ethmoid naso-orbital complex and supraorbital. Facial fractures vary in their severity, some involves one bone or several complex bones, depending on the force degree on the facial.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the patients who arrived at the hospital, 80% were classified as mild head injuries, 10% were categorized to moderate injuries, and 10% were included as severe head injuries. 3,5,6 Head injury is a series of pathophysiological events that occur after head trauma which can involve the scalp, bone and brain tissue or a combination thereof. Head injuries were classified according to the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Management of Multiple Maxillofacial Fracture With Mild Head Injury

Nurfuadah

Sjamsudin

Yuza

et al. 2022

IJMBS

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Introduction: Maxillofacial fracture is an injury that is often followed by head injury. Maxillofacial fractures vary in their severity, some involves either a single bone or several complex bones, depending on the force degree of impact on the face region. A comprehensive management can prevent more severe complications of head injury. This case report describes the management of multiple maxillofacial fractures with head injury. Case report: A 26-year-old female patient came to the Emergency Department of RSUP Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung with complaints of fractures in the facial bones and headaches due to an accident. Physical examination revealed facial asymmetry, edema, and hematomas in the bilateral periorbita, right and left mandible, and mental region. The patient had performed a CT scan of the head before and it appeared that there was a soft tissue swelling in the left temporal region, as well as bone discontinuities in the left zygoma and left mandibular angle with sulcus and gyrus, sylvian fissure, uncompressed ventricles and cisterns and no midline shift. The patient underwent definitive treatment with open reduction intermaxillary fixation (ORIF) for multiple maxillofacial fractures and conservative treatment for her head injury. Conclusion: The success of maxillofacial fracture treatment with head injury is strongly determined by accuracy in the initial assessment and comprehensive treatment involving multidisciplinary. Head injuries need priority treatment followed by treatment of maxillofacial fractures. Keywords: Multiple maxillofacial fractures, Head injury, Open reduction (ORIF), Close reduction

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Exploring the Severity of Craniomaxillofacial Injuries From Horseback Riding

Stanbouly

Besmer

Chuang

2021

Journal of Craniofacial Surgery

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The purpose of our study is to assess the severity of craniomaxillofacial injuries from horseback-riding accidents. Materials and Methods: This is a 20-year retrospective crosssectional study of the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System. Injuries from the activity of horseback-riding were included if they occurred in the craniomaxillofacial complex. Study predictors were derived from both patient and injury characteristics. The study outcome was the presence or absence (probability) of hospital admission from the emergency department. A multiple logistic regression model was created to model the odds of admission using all significant univariate predictors. Results: The final sample consisted of 6730 patients. The decrease in horseback riding injuries from 2000 to 2019 was significant (P ¼ 0.042).The mean age of the sample was 27.80 years (range: 2-91 years). Gender-wise, females composed the majority of injured horseback riders (71.9%). Over two-thirds of the sample consisted of White patients (68.1%). Over three-fourths of the injuries occurred in the head (80.9%), rendering it the most frequently injured region of the craniomaxillofacial complex. The most common primary diagnoses were internal organ injury (40.2%). On univariate analysis, the admission rates were significantly associated with gender (P < 0.01), age group (P < 0.01), body part injured (P < 0.01), diagnosis (P < 0.01), location of injury (P < 0.01) and mechanism of injury (P < 0.05). Relative to young adults, children (odds ratio [OR], 1.579; 95% OR confidence interval [CI] [1.31, 1.91]; P < 0.01), adults (OR, 1.857; 95% OR CI [1.55, 2.22]; P < 0.01), and seniors (OR, 3.738; 95% OR CI [2.73, 5.12]; P < 0.01) were each independently associated with an increased odds of admission. Relative to the mouth, the head had 4.8 odds of admission (P < 0.01) and the face had 2.5 odds of admission (P < 0.01). Relative to contusions/abrasion, concussions (OR, 3.542; 95% OR CI [2.28, 5.49]; P < 0.01) and internal organ injuries (OR, 9.020; 95% OR CI [5.90, 13.79]; P < 0.01), lacerations (OR, 1.946; 95% OR CI [1.17, 3.24]; P < 0.05), and fractures (OR, 32.068; 95% OR CI [20.53, 50.09]; P < 0.01) were each independently associated with increased odds of admission relative to contusions. Direct trauma from a horse (OR, 1.422; 95% OR CI [1.06, 1.91]; P < 0.05) was associated with independently increased odds of admission relative to other injuries. Injuries that took place in a farm (OR, 1.617; 95% OR CI [1.25, 2.09]; P < 0.01) and a street (OR, 2.735; 95% OR CI [1.83,4.09]; P < 0.01) were each independently associated with increased odds of admission. Finally, relative to females, males (OR, 1.374; 95% OR CI [1.20, 1.57]; P < 0.01) were independently associated with increased odds of admission. Conclusions: Many variables contribute to the chance of hospital admission from horseback riding. Fractures seem to be the leading risk factor for hospital admission, therefore, future study may look into how to reduce the incidence of fractures through the employ...

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Maxillofacial Fractures: From Diagnosis to Treatment

Cited by 5 publications

References 21 publications

Checklist for the initial evaluation of oral and maxillofacial trauma

Checklist for the initial evaluation of oral and maxillofacial trauma

Management of Multiple Maxillofacial Fracture With Mild Head Injury

Exploring the Severity of Craniomaxillofacial Injuries From Horseback Riding

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