Mauna Loa Volcano: Historical eruptions, exploration, and observations (1779–1910)

Barnard, Walther M.

doi:10.1029/gm092p0001

Cited by 15 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Lava issued from multiple vents, ranging from 3,375 m to 2,630 m above sea level [Stearns and Macdonald, 1946]. This eruption lasted for $300 days [Barnard, 1995] producing a 51 km long lava flow (the longest on Hawai`i) [Rowland and Walker, 1990], covering an area of 91 km 2 , burying the village of Wainanali`i, and producing 383 Â 10 6 m 3 of lava [Barnard, 1995]. The 1877 submarine radial vent eruption in Kealakekua Bay began ten days after a short-lived summit phase (<1 day).…”

Section: Post-1832 Radial Vent Eruptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The 1852 radial fissure broke out at 3,920 m above sea level and produced a lava flow that traveled $5 km down the northwestern flank of the volcano. The 1859 radial eruption began after a <1 day summit eruption [Barnard, 1995]. Lava issued from multiple vents, ranging from 3,375 m to 2,630 m above sea level [Stearns and Macdonald, 1946].…”

Section: Post-1832 Radial Vent Eruptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[6] Three radial vent eruptions have occurred since 1832 (1852, 1859, and 1877) [Barnard, 1995]. These eruptions occurred during a period of relatively high eruption rates on the volcano [Lipman, 1995].…”

Section: Post-1832 Radial Vent Eruptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unlike other Hawaiian shield volcanoes, it also erupts along radial vents located outside of these regions [e.g., Lockwood and Lipman, 1987]. Mauna Loa's subaerial radial vents span a narrow age range (147 years to $4 ka) [Lockwood and Lipman, 1987] reflecting the volcano's relatively high eruption frequency (39 eruptions since 1832, the start of its historical record) [Barnard, 1995]. Radial vents are thought to result from the injection of magma into the center of an axisymetric volcano, if there are no external stresses acting on the volcano [Pollard, 1987;Walker, 1993].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[2] Mauna Loa, the largest volcano on earth (80,000 km 3 [Robinson and Eakins, 2006]), generally erupts from its two rift zones and summit area [Barnard, 1995]. Unlike other Hawaiian shield volcanoes, it also erupts along radial vents located outside of these regions [e.g., Lockwood and Lipman, 1987].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Submarine radial vents on Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawai'i

Wanless

Garcia

Trusdell

et al. 2006

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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[1] A 2002 multibeam sonar survey of Mauna Loa's western flank revealed ten submarine radial vents and three submarine lava flows. Only one submarine radial vent was known previously. The ages of these vents are constrained by eyewitness accounts, geologic relationships, Mn-Fe coatings, and geochemical stratigraphy; they range from 128 years B.P. to possibly 47 ka. Eight of the radial vents produced degassed lavas despite eruption in water depths sufficient to inhibit sulfur degassing. These vents formed truncated cones and short lava flows. Two vents produced undegassed lavas that created ''irregular'' cones and longer lava flows. Compositionally and isotopically, the submarine radial vent lavas are typical of Mauna Loa lavas, except two cones that erupted alkalic lavas. He-Sr isotopes for the radial vent lavas follow Mauna Loa's evolutionary trend. The compositional and isotopic heterogeneity of these lavas indicates most had distinct parental magmas. Bathymetry and acoustic backscatter results, along with photography and sampling during four JASON2 dives, are used to produce a detailed geologic map to evaluate Mauna Loa's submarine geologic history. The new map shows that the 1877 submarine eruption was much larger than previously thought, resulting in a 10% increase for recent volcanism. Furthermore, although alkalic lavas were found at two radial vents, there is no systematic increase in alkalinity among these or other Mauna Loa lavas as expected for a dying volcano. These results refute an interpretation that Mauna Loa's volcanism is waning. The submarine radial vents and flows cover 29 km 2 of seafloor and comprise a total volume of $2 Â 10 9 m 3 of lava, reinforcing the idea that submarine lava eruptions are important in the growth of oceanic island volcanoes even after they emerged above sea level.

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Section: Post-1832 Radial Vent Eruptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Post-1832 Radial Vent Eruptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Post-1832 Radial Vent Eruptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Submarine radial vents on Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawai'i

Wanless

Garcia

Trusdell

et al. 2006

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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An overview of recent (1988 to 2014) caldera unrest: Knowledge and perspectives

Acocella

Lorenzo

Newhall³

et al. 2015

Reviews of Geophysics

152

165

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Calderas are among the most active and dangerous volcanoes. Caldera unrest is defined by enhanced seismicity, gravity changes, surface deformation, and degassing. Although much caldera unrest does not lead to an eruption, every eruption is preceded by an unrest episode. Therefore, the proper description of unrest and the forecast of its possible outcome is a timely and challenging task. Here we review the best known unrest at calderas from 1988 to 2014, building on previous work and proposing an updated database. Where established, the root cause for unrest is always magmatic; none was purely hydrothermal or tectonic. An interpretive classification of unrest invokes two spectra-compositional (mafic to felsic) and the state of magma conduits feeding from the magma reservoir(s) to the surface (from fully plugged, through semiplugged, to open). Magma and gas in open conduits can rise and erupt freely; magma in semiplugged conduits erupts less frequently yet still allows some gas to escape; plugged conduits allow neither magma nor gas to escape. Unrest in mafic calderas is subtler, less pronounced, and repeated, especially with open systems, ensuring the continuous, aseismic, and moderate release of magma. Plugged felsic calderas erupt infrequently, anticipated by isolated, short and seismically active unrest. Semiplugged felsic calderas also erupt infrequently and are restless over decades or centuries, with uplift, seismicity, and degassing and, on the longer-term, resurgence, suggesting repeated stalled intrusions. Finally, the expected advances in better understanding caldera unrest are discussed.

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