Mature petroleum hydrocarbons contamination in surface and subsurface waters of Kızılırmak Graben (Central Anatolia, Turkey): Geochemical evidence for a working petroleum system associated with a possible salt diapir
Abstract:Kızılırmak GrabenReservoir-targeted petroleum exploration TPH in water analysis Hydrocarbon-rich water Salt dome Salt formations exist in Kızılırmak Graben (Central Anatolia, Turkey), which consists of volcano-sedimentary units, and it was stated in previous studies that these formations have a diapiric structure. The adjacent basin, Ayhan Basin, contains bituminous shale and operated coal deposits. For this reason, in this study, it is aimed to investigate the oil and gas potential of the Kızılırmak Graben by… Show more
“…They studied the burial and thermal evolution and hydrocarbon generation of the Middle Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous source rock in Mesopotamian Foredeep Basin in Iraq, Kuwait and Iran. Also, Zeinalzadeh et al (2015), F. Abdullah and Connan (2002), and El Nady ( 2006), Hakimi et al (2018a), Hakimi et al (2019), Abdel Fattah et al (2019), andAbdel-Fattah et al (2020), and Ozdemir et al (2020aOzdemir et al ( , 2020bOzdemir et al ( , 2020cOzdemir et al ( and 2020d provide separate studies about the oil and gas reservoirs from Upper Jurassic to Tertiary.…”
Kuwait lies in the southwestern corner of the Mesopotamian Foredeep Basin of the Arabian Platform which extends between the Interior Platform in the west and Zagros Fold Belt at the east. The sedimentary column thickness ranges between 6,000 and 8,000 m in the south and the north respectively, from Triassic to Pleistocene. This study assessed the petroleum system in Kuwait using two methods; the first one is simulating the basins' construction history along with the changes in the physical properties of the different formations in Burgan and Dibdibba basins, using a Python 1D-Airy isostasy backstripping technique. The second method using the PetoMode® software to calculate the burial history and track the changes in petrophysical parameters through the deposition history. Integrating results with the previous studies gave us an understanding view of the petroleum system forming, hydrocarbon type, charging, and timing of oil generation. Also, the properties like compressibility, subsidence rate, and sedimentation rate. It found that the basins lost from 40 to 45% from the original thickness, while the porosity represents a percent (56-67%) from its original porosity because of the high subsidence rate which averaged by 0.05 mm/yr and kicked many up to 0.2 mm/yr.
“…They studied the burial and thermal evolution and hydrocarbon generation of the Middle Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous source rock in Mesopotamian Foredeep Basin in Iraq, Kuwait and Iran. Also, Zeinalzadeh et al (2015), F. Abdullah and Connan (2002), and El Nady ( 2006), Hakimi et al (2018a), Hakimi et al (2019), Abdel Fattah et al (2019), andAbdel-Fattah et al (2020), and Ozdemir et al (2020aOzdemir et al ( , 2020bOzdemir et al ( , 2020cOzdemir et al ( and 2020d provide separate studies about the oil and gas reservoirs from Upper Jurassic to Tertiary.…”
Kuwait lies in the southwestern corner of the Mesopotamian Foredeep Basin of the Arabian Platform which extends between the Interior Platform in the west and Zagros Fold Belt at the east. The sedimentary column thickness ranges between 6,000 and 8,000 m in the south and the north respectively, from Triassic to Pleistocene. This study assessed the petroleum system in Kuwait using two methods; the first one is simulating the basins' construction history along with the changes in the physical properties of the different formations in Burgan and Dibdibba basins, using a Python 1D-Airy isostasy backstripping technique. The second method using the PetoMode® software to calculate the burial history and track the changes in petrophysical parameters through the deposition history. Integrating results with the previous studies gave us an understanding view of the petroleum system forming, hydrocarbon type, charging, and timing of oil generation. Also, the properties like compressibility, subsidence rate, and sedimentation rate. It found that the basins lost from 40 to 45% from the original thickness, while the porosity represents a percent (56-67%) from its original porosity because of the high subsidence rate which averaged by 0.05 mm/yr and kicked many up to 0.2 mm/yr.
“…The C 29 /C 17 ratio of PLM 1, PLM 2, and PLM 3 were 32.67, 32.11, and 22.71, respectively, confirming that the source of organic matter is a contribution from the terrestrial environment, such as sediments in surface sediments of the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, and East China Sea [29,31]. The C 17 /C 31 ratio determined the presence of autochthonous or allochthonous organic matter sources, and the C 17 /C 31 ratio of samples PLM 1, PLM 2, and PLM 3 are 0.03, 0.03, and 0.04 respectively, representing allochthonous sources, such as on the sediments of the East Yellow Sea, Northwest Pacific Ocean, China [22,32].…”
A study of the sedimentary rocks of the Ngrayong formation has been carried out on five samples from the Polaman outcrop point to determine the potential of coal as a source rock for producing oil and gas through GC-MS analysis. Biomarker analysis shows the presence of n-alkanes (C16-C36) with a bimodal distribution, indicating that the source of organic material in sedimentary rocks comes from bacteria, algae, and vascular plants, which is supported by several parameters such as CPI, OEP, LHCPI, wax index, ACL and AlkTerr values. This dominant source of terrigenous organic matter is also proven by the TAR value, C31/C19, C29/C17 ratio, and several aromatic compounds and their derivatives. Bacterial input as an organic source of allouchtonic sedimentary rocks is also proven by the presence of hopanoid, de-A-lupane biomarkers, and C17/C31 ratio. The oxic deposition environment is indicated by the Pr/Ph ratio. CPI and OEP parameters, C29 bb/ab ratio > 0.15 and C31 22S/(22S+22R) < 1 indicate low maturity of the sediment sample. Several parameters and the presence of biomarkers stated above conclude that Ngrayong coal as a source rock has the potential to produce oil and gas.
“…[62], petrollü havzalardaki fayların, jeolojik zaman boyunca hidrokarbonlarca zengin suların kaynak kayalar üzerindeki akifer litolojilerine taşınmasını kolaylaştırdığını ve sığ yeraltısularının jeokimyasını etkileyerek bu sularda hidrokarbon zenginleşmesine sebep olduğunu belirtmişlerdir. Dultsev ve Chernykh [63], yeraltındaki hidrokarbon birikimleri etrafındaki hidrokarbonca zengin suların petrol ve doğalgaz aramak için çok iyi bir jeokimyasal araç olduğunu belirtmişlerdir.Günümüzde, kaynak kayaların mostra vermediği (yüzeyde görülmediği) örtülü veya kaynak kayaların tüketilmiş olduğu havzalarda/bölgelerde hidrokarbonlarca zengin suların ve organik jeokimyasal özelliklerinin belirlenmesine imkan sağlayan suda TPH analizi petrol ve doğalgaz aramacılığında kullanılmaya başlanmıştır [64][65][66][67][68][69][70]. Çünkü, güncel çalışmalarda kaynak kaya ve gaz numuneleri üzerinde yapılan tüm organik jeokimyasal analizlerin, suda TPH analizi ile belirlenen petrol hidrokarbonlarınca zengin yüzey ve yeraltı suları üzerinde de uygulanabildiği, aynı havzalarda/bölgelerde aynı analiz ve yorumlama sonuçlarına ulaşıldığı belirlenmiştir (Şekil 2) [71,72].…”
Section: Materyal Ve Yöntemunclassified
“…Gravite ve manyetik verilerinin petrol ve doğalgaz aramalarında kullanımına yönelik yöntemleri ve saha uygulamalarını içeren çok sayıda çalışma mevcuttur (64)(65)(66)(67)(68)(95)(96)(97)(98)(99)(100)(101)(102)(103)(104)(105)(106). Gravite ve manyetik anomali analizi, Batı Sibirya'da hidrokarbon arama ve keşfinin yarım yüzyıldan bugüne kalıcı bir bileşeni olmuştur [103].…”
Section: İnceleme Alanının Havadan Manyetik Ve Gravite Haritaları Ve Jeolojik Yorumlarıunclassified
Literatürde, hidrokarbon birikimleri ve altın cevherleşmeleri arasındaki bağlantılar incelenmiştir. Bu çalışmalardan elde edilen sonuçlara göre, altın ve hidrokarbonların aynı hidrotermal akışkanlar tarafından taşındığı ve çökeltildiği tespit edilmiştir. Seferihisar Yükselimi'nde, Türkiye'nin kanıtlanmış en büyük altın cevheri rezervine sahip Efemçukuru Altın İşletmesi bulunmaktadır. Bu nedenle, Seferihisar Yükselimi'nin petrol ve doğalgaz potansiyelinin soğuksu kaynaklarından alınan örnekler üzerinde Toplam Petrol Hidrokarbonları (TPH) analizleri yapılarak araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda, su numunelerinin tamamında hidrokarbonlar tespit edilmiştir. Sularda tespit edilen hidrokarbonların kaynağının belirlenmesi için organik jeokimyasal yöntemler kullanılmıştır. Su numunelerinde belirlenen n-alkan hidrokarbonlar, olgun petrol hidrokarbonlarıdır. Bu olgun petrol hidrokarbonları, çalışma alanında çalışan bir petrol sisteminin varlığı için jeokimyasal bir kanıttır. Dolayısıyla, gravite ve manyetik verilere göre çalışma alanında belirlenen maksimum 765 m derinliğindeki yapının bir petrol ve/veya doğalgaz rezervuarı olma potansiyeli oldukça yüksek olarak değerlendirilmiştir.Anahtar Kelimeler: rezervuar hedefli petrol ve doğalgaz arama, suda TPH analizi, hidrokarbonca zengin su, Bornova Filiş Zonu, altın yatağı
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