"Maturational lag" hypothesis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: an update

El-Sayed, E; Larsson, Jan-Olov; HE, Persson; Santosh, Paramala; P-A, Rydelius

doi:10.1080/08035250310002777

Cited by 17 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Whether ADHD is a disorder related to a delay in brain maturation or whether it represents a frank derangement of typical development has remained an unsettled question since its earliest descriptions [41]. Several neuroimaging studies have found similarities in functional brain patterns between patients with ADHD and younger TD controls [42], [43]. Interestingly, the NIMH longitudinal study support both types of conclusions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abnormal Brain Connectivity Patterns in Adults with ADHD: A Coherence Study

et al. 2012

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Studies based on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during the resting state have shown decreased functional connectivity between the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and regions of the Default Mode Network (DMN) in adult patients with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) relative to subjects with typical development (TD). Most studies used Pearson correlation coefficients among the BOLD signals from different brain regions to quantify functional connectivity. Since the Pearson correlation analysis only provides a limited description of functional connectivity, we investigated functional connectivity between the dACC and the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) in three groups (adult patients with ADHD, n = 21; TD age-matched subjects, n = 21; young TD subjects, n = 21) using a more comprehensive analytical approach – unsupervised machine learning using a one-class support vector machine (OC-SVM) that quantifies an abnormality index for each individual. The median abnormality index for patients with ADHD was greater than for TD age-matched subjects (p = 0.014); the ADHD and young TD indices did not differ significantly (p = 0.480); the median abnormality index of young TD was greater than that of TD age-matched subjects (p = 0.016). Low frequencies below 0.05 Hz and around 0.20 Hz were the most relevant for discriminating between ADHD patients and TD age-matched controls and between the older and younger TD subjects. In addition, we validated our approach using the fMRI data of children publicly released by the ADHD-200 Competition, obtaining similar results. Our findings suggest that the abnormal coherence patterns observed in patients with ADHD in this study resemble the patterns observed in young typically developing subjects, which reinforces the hypothesis that ADHD is associated with brain maturation deficits.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abnormal Brain Connectivity Patterns in Adults with ADHD: A Coherence Study

et al. 2012

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“…Alternatively, a cognitive maturation hypothesis suggests that improvement in neurocognition (particularly in executive functioning) during middle childhood and adolescence contributes to ADHD symptom improvements observed during this same time period for some children (Doehnert, Brandeis, Imhof, Drechsler, & Steinhausen, 2010; El-Sayed, Larsson, Persson, Santosh, & Rydelius, 2003; Halperin & Schulz, 2006). Some perspectives suggest that executive function impairments are both the initial cause of symptoms and the mechanism of remittance.…”

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confidence: 99%

Heterogeneity in development of aspects of working memory predicts longitudinal attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptom change.

Karalunas

Gustafsson

Dieckmann

et al. 2017

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

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The role of cognitive mechanisms in the clinical course of neurodevelopmental disorders is poorly understood. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is emblematic in that numerous alterations in cognitive development are apparent, yet how they relate to changes in symptom expression with age is unclear. To resolve the role of cognitive mechanisms in ADHD, a developmental perspective that takes into account expected within-group heterogeneity is needed. Method The current study uses an accelerated longitudinal design and latent trajectory growth mixture models in a sample of children ages 7–13 years carefully characterized as with (n=437) and without (n=297) ADHD to: 1) identify heterogeneous developmental trajectories for response inhibition, visual spatial working memory maintenance, and delayed reward discounting and 2) to assess the relationships between these cognitive trajectories and ADHD symptom change. Results Best-fitting models indicated multiple trajectory classes in both the ADHD and typically-developing samples, as well as distinct relationships between each cognitive process and ADHD symptom change. Developmental change in response inhibition and delayed reward discounting were unrelated to ADHD symptom change, while individual differences in the rate of visual spatial working memory maintenance improvement predicted symptom remission in ADHD. Conclusion Characterizing heterogeneity in cognitive development will be crucial for clarifying mechanisms of symptom persistence and recovery. Results here suggest working memory maintenance may be uniquely related to ADHD symptom improvement.

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“…However, a more recent study assessing cortical thickness has shown a delay in the maturation of the cortex by approximately 2 years in children with ADHD compared with healthy controls. 11 Also, there is evidence of a lag or delay in cognitive and social development in children with ADHD, 12–17 which would suggest regional progressive trajectories differing between children with and without ADHD.…”

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confidence: 99%

Evidence of Developmental Alterations in Cortical and Subcortical Regions of Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Stanley¹,

Kipp²,

Greisenegger³

et al. 2008

Arch Gen Psychiatry

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Context There is mounting evidence of neurodevelopmental alterations implicating the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and basal ganglia in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The brain undergoes substantive structural and functional changes with a differential timing between brain regions during development from childhood to adolescence. In vivo phosphorus 31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P MRS) is a noninvasive neuroimaging approach that is sensitive in assessing developmental changes of overproducing/pruning of synapses. Objective To provide support for a developmental mechanism targeting a bottom-up dysfunction of the basal ganglia impairing the fine-tuning of prefrontal functions in ADHD. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and the surrounding areas. Participants Thirty-one psychostimulant-naive children with ADHD (mean [SD] age, 8.1 [1.2] years; range, 6.1–10.0 years) and 36 healthy control subjects (mean [SD] age, 8.1 [1.3] years; range, 6.1–10.4 years). Main Outcome Measure Membrane phospholipid (MPL) precursor levels (ie, phosphomonoesters that are anabolic metabolites of MPL) were assessed in the PFC and basal ganglia as well as in 4 other brain regions using in vivo 31P MRS. Results Lower bilateral MPL precursor levels in the basal ganglia and higher MPL precursor levels in the inferior parietal region (primarily right side) were noted in the children with ADHD as compared with healthy control children. There was a group×age interaction in the PFC and inferior parietal region, with relatively older psychostimulant-naive children with ADHD showing significantly lower PFC and higher inferior parietal MPL precursor levels. No differences between groups were noted in the superior temporal, posterior white matter, or occipital regions. Conclusion Though based on cross-sectional data, these results are suggestive of possible progressive, nonlinear, and sequential alterations implicating a bottom-up developmental dysfunction in parts of the cortico-striatothalamo-cortical network in ADHD.

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"Maturational lag" hypothesis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: an update

Cited by 17 publications

References 58 publications

Abnormal Brain Connectivity Patterns in Adults with ADHD: A Coherence Study

Abnormal Brain Connectivity Patterns in Adults with ADHD: A Coherence Study

Heterogeneity in development of aspects of working memory predicts longitudinal attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptom change.

Evidence of Developmental Alterations in Cortical and Subcortical Regions of Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

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