Maturation of woody plants: a review of metabolic and genomic aspects

Haffner, V.; Enjalric, Frank; Lardet, Ludovic; Carron, Marc-Philippe

doi:10.1051/forest:19910601

Cited by 62 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…In contrast to the earlier theorem, GPP does not stabilize at levels slightly below the maximum value at maturity, but declines far more than previously assumed. Potential mechanisms to explain the age-related decrease in GPP primarily include (i) nutrient limitation: soil nutrients, especially nitrogen, become increasingly immobilized in the organic surface horizon and in the N-rich, humified soil organic matter due to the accumulation of woody biomass (1); (ii) hydraulic limitation: hydraulic resistance increases with tree height, resulting in decreased stomatal conductance (3,17,18); and (iii) genetic control: reduced photosynthetic rates could be controlled by gene expression programmed in the meristematic cells in plant stems, resulting in diminishing metabolism rates in aging plants (19,20). Although these mechanisms have been discussed and tested in a limited number of studies (1,3), no consensus has yet been reached (21,22).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Steeper declines in forest photosynthesis than respiration explain age-driven decreases in forest growth

Tang

Luyssaert

Richardson

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

124

100

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The traditional view of forest dynamics originated by Kira and Shidei [Kira T, Shidei T (1967) Jap J Ecol 17:70-87] and Odum [Odum EP (1969) Science 164(3877):262-270] suggests a decline in net primary productivity (NPP) in aging forests due to stabilized gross primary productivity (GPP) and continuously increased autotrophic respiration (R a ). The validity of these trends in GPP and R a is, however, very difficult to test because of the lack of long-term ecosystem-scale field observations of both GPP and R a . Ryan and colleagues [Ryan MG, Binkley D, Fownes JH (1997) Ad Ecol Res 27:213-262] have proposed an alternative hypothesis drawn from site-specific results that aboveground respiration and belowground allocation decreased in aging forests. Here, we analyzed data from a recently assembled global database of carbon fluxes and show that the classical view of the mechanisms underlying the age-driven decline in forest NPP is incorrect and thus support Ryan's alternative hypothesis. Our results substantiate the agedriven decline in NPP, but in contrast to the traditional view, both GPP and R a decline in aging boreal and temperate forests. We find that the decline in NPP in aging forests is primarily driven by GPP, which decreases more rapidly with increasing age than R a does, but the ratio of NPP/GPP remains approximately constant within a biome. Our analytical models describing forest succession suggest that dynamic forest ecosystem models that follow the traditional paradigm need to be revisited.chronosequence | plant respiration | carbon use efficiency | ecosystem development | eddy covariance I t has been long observed and well established that forest net primary production (NPP), particularly aboveground NPP, increases during initial stand development, peaks at maturity, and then gradually declines as forests age (1-8). Kira and Shidei (9) were the first to analyze 10 y of empirical data and developed the long-accepted theory that forest NPP declines with age because wood respiration increases in response to the accumulating wood biomass, whereas gross primary production (GPP) remains quasiconstant (Fig. 1). Similarly, in his theory of ecosystem succession, Odum (10) postulated that ecosystem respiration (i.e., the sum of autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration) increases with age and eventually balances GPP such that the net ecosystem carbon balance approaches zero at a dynamic steady state. Odum did not specify the successional pattern of autotrophic respiration (R a ) and NPP, but the underlying assumption is similar to that of Kira and Shidei, i.e., the difference between carbon uptake and release declines with age primarily because respiratory losses increase.Ryan et al. have disproved these earlier hypothesized patterns and contended that total stem respiration, including growth and maintenance respiration, in a chronosequence of subalpine lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta ssp. latifolia) stands in Colorado did not increase with forest age (11), and that the observed decrease in aboveground NPP wi...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Steeper declines in forest photosynthesis than respiration explain age-driven decreases in forest growth

Tang

Luyssaert

Richardson

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

124

100

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“…These morphological changes are accompanied by numerous physiological and biochemical changes, such as reduced expression of the cab gene (Hutchison et al 1990), diVerences in chlorophyll content and leaf xylem morphology, changes in phytohormone ratios, carbohydrates and carbon metabolism, polyamines and peroxidase activities, in addition to accumulation of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins (Bauer and Bauer 1980;Greenwood 1984;HaVner et al 1991). Most notable is the inability of cuttings to root, and hence the inability to conduct vegetative propagation (Bonga 1985).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Maturation in woody perennials is a developmental process associated with decreased growth rates, increased plagiotropism, changes in branching characteristics and foliar morphology, and the appearance of reproductive organs (HaVner et al 1991;Greenwood 1995). These morphological changes are accompanied by numerous physiological and biochemical changes, such as reduced expression of the cab gene (Hutchison et al 1990), diVerences in chlorophyll content and leaf xylem morphology, changes in phytohormone ratios, carbohydrates and carbon metabolism, polyamines and peroxidase activities, in addition to accumulation of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins (Bauer and Bauer 1980;Greenwood 1984;HaVner et al 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Initiation of somatic embryos and regeneration of plants from primordial shoots of 10-year-old somatic white spruce and expression profiles of 11 genes followed during the tissue culture process

Klimaszewska

Overton

Stewart

et al. 2010

Planta

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Adult conifers are notoriously recalcitrant in vegetative propagation and micropropagation that would result in the regeneration of juvenile propagules through somatic embryogenesis (SE) has not been demonstrated to date. Because SE-derived material is more amenable in subsequent tissue culture experiments compared with seed-derived material, a multi-year study was conducted to investigate induction of SE from primordial shoot (PS) explants that were excised from shoot buds of somatic embryo-derived white spruce. The SE induction experiments were carried out first with greenhouse-grown and later with field-grown trees each year from 2002 (2-year-old) to 2010 (10-year-old). Of the four genotypes tested, 893-2 and 893-12 never responded, 893-1 responded up to year 4 and 893-6 consistently responded every year. In 2010, for the first time, three of the 17 893-6 clonal trees produced male strobili as well as SE from cultured PS explants. SE induction was associated with formation of a nodule on the surface of an elongated needle primordium or in callus. Early somatic embryos were detectable after about 3 weeks of culture. Of 11 genes whose expression profiles were followed during the PS cultures, CHAP3A, VP1, WOX2 and SAP2C were expressed exclusively in the early stages of SE, and could potentially be used as markers of embryogenecity. Mature somatic embryos and plants were produced from the explants of responding genotype. Implication of these results for future research on adult conifer recalcitrance in micropropagation is discussed.

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“…ABA has been shown to be involved in regulating the onset of reproduction in several species (Finkelstein et al 2002), higher levels being characteristic of the mature phase compared to juveniles. The levels of this phytohormone in leaves increase with plant size in shrubs and trees (Haffner et al 1991;Valdés et al 2004;Munné-Bosch and Lalueza 2007;Fig. 4 Chlorophyll (Chl) a ?…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age and sex-related changes in cytokinins, auxins and abscisic acid in a centenarian relict herbaceous perennial

Oñate

García

Munné‐Bosch

2011

Planta

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It is still an unsolved question of fundamental biology if, and how, perennial plants senesce. Here, age- and sex-related changes in phytohormones were tested in Borderea pyrenaica, a small dioecious geophyte relict of the Tertiary with one of the longest lifespan ever recorded for any non-clonal herb (more than 300 years). Biomass allocation, together with levels of cytokinins, auxins and absicisic acid, and other indicators of leaf physiology (chlorophylls, lipid peroxidation and F (v)/F (m) ratio) were measured in juvenile and mature plants, including both males and females of three age classes (up to 50 years, 50-100 years, and over 100 years). Plants maintained intact capacity of their vegetative growth and reproductive potential. Cytokinin levels decreased with age, but only in females. Such sex-related differences, however, were not associated with symptoms of physiological deterioration in leaves, but with an increased reproductive effort in females. It is concluded that B. pyrenaica does not show clear signs of senescence at the organism level. Altered cytokinin levels in females were associated with their reproductive effort, rather than to a degenerative process. The alternate use of five meristematic points in the tuber could explain the extraordinary longevity of this species.

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Maturation of woody plants: a review of metabolic and genomic aspects

Abstract: Summary — The first part of this review consists of an evaluation of the bibliographic data on maturation studies in woody plants. It

Cited by 62 publications

References 13 publications

Steeper declines in forest photosynthesis than respiration explain age-driven decreases in forest growth

Steeper declines in forest photosynthesis than respiration explain age-driven decreases in forest growth

Initiation of somatic embryos and regeneration of plants from primordial shoots of 10-year-old somatic white spruce and expression profiles of 11 genes followed during the tissue culture process

Age and sex-related changes in cytokinins, auxins and abscisic acid in a centenarian relict herbaceous perennial

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