Maturation of Respiration in Prematures and Young Infants

Parmelee, Arthur H.; Stern, Evelyn; Harris, Margaret

doi:10.1055/s-0028-1091768

Cited by 105 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 4 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…It is of interest to note that the sharpest decrease in baseline heart rate and increase in indices of heart rate variability occurred between 32-36 wk of gestation when rapid functional and structural maturation of the central nervous system takes place (12). It may also be physiologically significant that the greatest decrease in percent apnea occurred at a later state of development (beyond 36 wk of gestation).…”

Section: Siassimentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiac and Respiratory Activity in Relation to Gestation and Sleep States in Newborn Infants

et al. 1979

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SummaryIn order to provide normative values of heart and respiratory rate and variability in relation to gestation and sleep states, 32 neonates who were free from cardiopulmonary disease were studied during the 1st-6 day of life. The infants were grouped as follows: group A, 9 infants with gestational ages of 27-33 wk; group B, 14 infants with gestational ages of 34-36 wk; and group C, 9 infants with gestational ages of 37-40 wk. Recordings and observations were made during a 1-hr postprandial nap. During active sleep (AS) and quiet sleep (QS), heart rate, short-term and long-term variability of the heart rate, respiratory rate, variability of the respiratory rate and apnea density were measured. Both the long-and short-term heart rate variability was less in preterm infants (group A) than the less immature or full term infants (groups B and C, P < 0.01). Breath-to-breath respiratory variability was not significantly affected by gestational age, whereas percent duration of apnea was less in full term (group C) than the preterm groups of infants during quiet sleep (groups A and B, P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between baseline heart rate, short-term heart rate variability, and respiratory rate during AS and Q S states at any given gestational age. Long-term variations in heart rate, breath-to-breath respiratory variability, and percent duration of apnea were significantly less in QS in comparison to AS at each gestational age group (P < 0.01). Speculation

show abstract

Section: Siassimentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiac and Respiratory Activity in Relation to Gestation and Sleep States in Newborn Infants

et al. 1979

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Brief respiratory pauses and periodic breathing are normal phenomena in premature infants (8,17, other references in 22). Rigatto et al (20) noted that R F is slower in periods that include respiratory pauses; however, our study showed that differences between R F in total-duration tracings and in no-pause tracings were minimal in normal infants.…”

Section: Choice Of Periodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…

…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Respiratory Frequency According to Sleep States and Age in Normal Premature Infants: a Comparison with Full Term Infants

1983

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SummaryRes~iration of rem mature infants has been described as irregular ' 2 in AS and more or less regular in QS (8,17). Respiratory frequency To assess the influence of sleep states, gestational age, and postnatal age on respiratory frequencies, we made polygraphic (RF) of prematures has been studied more recently. The age groups, the criteria of a normality and the method of sleep state recordings on forty-eight 31-41 wk gestational age newborns (S 10 days of legal age) and on 16 prematurely born (S 36 wk of definition differs from one author to another. The results obtained gestation) infants, after they reached the term of 37-40 wk con-were variable (see review Table 1).The complexity of the factors, that can influence R F in preceptional age. Periods with and without 33-see respiratory pauses mature infants encouraged us to undertake this investigation, Our were independently analyzed by 20-sec periods. States of sleep were defined according to REMs and EEG criteria. aim was to test the effect of sleep states, gestational age (GA) andAt all ages and in all sleep states, respiratory frequencies were postnatal age on RF. The importance of sleep state defininition in very young infants will be especially discussed. slightly, but not significantly, lower in total tracing compared to no-pause tracing. Results of statistical comparison were identical when they were performed on both total and no-pause tracings.From 35 wk gestational age onward, respiratory frequency was higher in active (AS) REM sleep, compared to quiet (QS) NREM sleep (P < 0.01). In undefined sleep (IS), respiratory frequency was at an intermediate level (AS > IS > QS), significantly different from that of AS and QS.Respiratory frequency was similar in all 31-38 wk gestational age newborns. It became significantly higher in 39-41 wk gestational age newborns (P < 0.01).The frequency of the respiration was higher in prematurely born infants reaching 37-48 or 39-40 wk conceptional age, compared to that of newborns of the same gestational age.We did not find significant differences between genders in any age group studied.At all ages there was a high correlation among respiratory frequencies found in AS, QS, and IS and also among those frequencies found in successive sleep cycles for given individuals: some normal infants breathed more rapidly and the others more slowly in all states studied. It appears that respiratory frequency is an individual characteristic, modulated by the sleep state, gestational age and postnatal age factors.The review of the literature suggests, that divergences among authors can be due to some methodological differences and particularly to differences in scoring of sleep states. Abbreviations AS, active sleep CA, conceptional age GA, gestational age IS, undefined sleep QS, quiet sleep RF, respiratory frequency Respiratory rate is one of the characteristics of sleep states in normal full-term newborns and in infants during the first months of life: at this age, respiratory rate is irregular and faster in active sleep ...

show abstract

“…PB comprises <2% of the respiratory pattern in most normal infants during the first months of life (1)(2)(3), and occurs more frequently and in higher amounts in preterm infants (4)(5)(6)(7)(8). PB may therefore reflect an immaturity of developing respiratory control system elements which does not normally indicate any abnormalities or pathology; however, elevated amounts of PB have been reported in some infants "near-miss" for SIDS and in some SIDS victims (9-1 3).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Periodic Breathing Cycle Duration in Preterm Infants

et al. 1989

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

ABSTRACT. Periodic breathing cycle duration (PCD),PB, a respiratory pattern consisting of alternating respiratory pauses and breaths, has been studied extensively in infants during the last decade. PB comprises <2% of the respiratory pattern in most normal infants during the first months of life (1-3), and occurs more frequently and in higher amounts in preterm infants (4-8). PB may therefore reflect an immaturity of developing respiratory control system elements which does not normally indicate any abnormalities or pathology; however, elevated amounts of PB have been reported in some infants "near-miss" for SIDS and in some SIDS victims (9-1 3).Although most studies of PB in infants have been limited to observations on the incidence or amount of PB in normal and high-risk groups, relatively few investigations have focused on the mechanisms underlying PB. Recently, Barrington et al. (14) described a decrease in PCD in te>m infants during thefirst 3 mo of life. PCD was calculated for 2-10 cycles/PB episode and was definid as the time interval between the initial breath of one breathingjrespiratory pause cycle and the initial breath of the

show abstract

Maturation of Respiration in Prematures and Young Infants

Cited by 105 publications

References 4 publications

Cardiac and Respiratory Activity in Relation to Gestation and Sleep States in Newborn Infants

Cardiac and Respiratory Activity in Relation to Gestation and Sleep States in Newborn Infants

Respiratory Frequency According to Sleep States and Age in Normal Premature Infants: a Comparison with Full Term Infants

Periodic Breathing Cycle Duration in Preterm Infants

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About