Maturation of Proteoglycan Matrix in Articular Cartilage Under Increased and Decreased Joint Loading. A Study in Young Rabbits

Am, Säämänen; Tammi, Markku; Kiviranta, Ilkka; Jurvelin, Jukka S.; Hj, Helminen

doi:10.3109/03008208709002004

Cited by 63 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…3 Splinting the knee joint for 11 weeks caused a significant softening of the articular cartilage without weight bearing. 18 Joint immobilization caused a decrease in proteoglycan synthesis 5 and depletion of proteoglycan, 4,6,7,11,14,32 which was most prominent in the superficial zone of the articular cartilage, 17,33 but was also observed in the intermediate and deep zone of the articular cartilage. 17 In the previous reports, matrix density using S-O staining absorbance changed into depletion in the non-contact area, 10,13,27 and mild depletion 10,13 or no change 27 in the contact area after immobilization.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 Biochemical changes of the articular cartilage after immobilization have been reported as increased hydration, [4][5][6][7] decreased proteoglycan (PG) content, 5,6,[8][9][10][11][12][13][14] altered PG aggregate structure, 7,9,[12][13][14] increased collagen synthesis, 15,16 and maintained or elevated collagen content. 6,[14][15][16] Histological examination revealed decreased PG staining intensity, 11,17 decreased thickness, 5,17,18 and progression of degenerative changes by histological grading scheme. 19 Though a large number of experimental studies regarding the articular cartilage after immobilization have been reported, changes occurring in a joint cavity after joint immobilization have not been fully clarified.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Changes of articular cartilage after immobilization in a rat knee contracture model

Hagiwara

Andõ

Chimoto

et al. 2008

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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ABSTRACT:The objective was to determine the changes of articular cartilage of the knee joint during immobilization in a rat model. The knee joints of adult male rats were immobilized at 1508 of flexion using an internal fixator for 3 days, and 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 weeks. The articular cartilage from the medial midcondylar region of the knee was obtained, divided into three areas (non-contact area, transitional area, contact area), and in each area, a degree of degeneration was evaluated by gross observation, histomorphometric grading, and measurements of thickness and number of chondrocytes. Elasticity of the articular cartilage was estimated by measuring the sound speed with use of scanning acoustic microscopy. Degeneration of the articular cartilage was mainly observed in the contact and transitional areas. Matrix staining intensity by safranin-O and number of chondrocytes were decreased in these two areas. The thickness of the articular cartilage in the noncontact and contact areas was unchanged, but it was increased in the transitional area. Decrease in sound speed was observed in the transitional area of both the femoral and tibial cartilage, indicating the softening of the articular cartilage. The changes of articular cartilage became obvious as early as 1 week after immobilization. These changes may be due to a lack of mechanical stress or a lack of joint fluid circulation during immobilization. Although we do not know the reversibility of these changes of articular cartilage, early mobilization is preferable to avoid these cartilage changes. ß

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes of articular cartilage after immobilization in a rat knee contracture model

Hagiwara

Andõ

Chimoto

et al. 2008

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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“…In particular, changes in the superficial collagen network have been reported [8,20,30,31]. Furthermore, changes in the PG content and distribution have been claimed to occur in response to exercise [16,20,25,29,32].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Exercise-induced changes in AC composition and structure have been studied with several animal models [6,8,[18][19][20][25][26][27][28][29]. Different types of exercise routines have been applied.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Minor Influence of Lifelong Voluntary Exercise on Composition, Structure, and Incidence of Osteoarthritis in Tibial Articular Cartilage of Mice Compared with Major Effects Caused by Growth, Maturation, and Aging

Närhi

Siitonen

Lehto

et al. 2011

Connective Tissue Research

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We investigated the effects of lifelong voluntary exercise on articular cartilage of mice. At the age of 4 weeks C57BL mice (n = 152) were divided into two groups, with one group serving as a sedentary control whereas the other was allowed free access to a running wheel from the age of 1 month onward. Mice were euthanized at four different time points (1, 2, 6, and 18 months of age). Articular cartilage samples were gathered from the load-bearing area of the tibial medial plateaus, and osteoarthritis was graded. Additionally, the proteoglycan content distribution was assessed using digital densitometry, collagen fibril orientation, and parallelism with polarized light microscopy, and collagen content using Fourier transform infrared imaging spectroscopy. The incidence of osteoarthritis increased with aging, but exercise had no effect on this trend. Furthermore, the structure and composition revealed significant growth, maturation, and age-dependent properties. Exercise exerted a minor effect on collagen fibril orientation in the superficial zone. Fibril orientation at 2 months of age was more perpendicular to surface (p < 0.05) in controls compared with runners, whereas the situation was reversed at the age of 18 months (p < 0.05). The collagen content of the superficial zone was higher (p < 0.01) at the age of 18 months in controls compared with runners but the proteoglycan content did not display any exercise-dependent changes. In conclusion, growth, maturation, and aging exerted a clear effect on integrity, structure, and composition of medial tibial plateau articular cartilage in mice, whereas lifelong voluntary exercise had only a minor effect on collagen architecture and content.

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“…Because the method of immobilization and evaluated areas were quite different from study to study, the events that occurred in the joint after immobilization have not been clarified (Haapala et al 1999;Trudel et al 2005). The reported area of cartilage degeneration was mainly divided into three areas as follows; a non-contact area (Hall 1963;Kiviranta et al 1987;Säämänen et al 1987), a contact area (Evans et al 1960;Sood 1971), and both areas (Akeson et al 1980;Trudel et al 2005). We decided to choose three areas on each condyle to precisely evaluate the degenerative changes of the articular cartilage after immobilization, because the area between contact and non-contact area showed quite characteristic changes in our model (Hagiwara et al 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intra-articular Injection of Hyaluronan Diminishes Loss of Chondrocytes in a Rat Immobilized-Knee Model

Andõ

Hagiwara

Chimoto

et al. 2008

Tohoku J. Exp. Med.

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Joint immobilization is a useful and common treatment modality in orthopedics. However, it also causes unfavorable outcome such as articular cartilage degeneration. Intra-articular injection of hyaluronan has been accepted as a treatment of osteoarthritis, but its effects on immobilized joint remain to be clarified. Hyaluronan is a polysaccharide, distributed ubiquitously in various tissues. In this study, we examined the effect of hyaluronan on the articular cartilage in immobilized joints. The unilateral knee joints of adult male rats were immobilized at 150° in flexion with an internal plate and screws for 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, or 16 weeks (n = 84). Hyaluronan or saline (50 μ l/each injection) was administered intra-articularly on the day of surgery and once a week. The articular cartilage from the medial midcondylar region of the knee was obtained, and divided into non-contact, contact and transitional areas (between the non-contact and the contact areas). In each area, a degree of degeneration was evaluated by histomorphometric grading, and measurements of thickness and number of chondrocytes. Histological grading scores in the hyaluronan group were smaller at 12 and 16 weeks compared with those in the saline group. The thickness of the articular cartilage increased in the transitional area in both groups. The number of chondrocytes in the contact and transitional areas gradually decreased, but their number in the hyaluronan group was greater at 12 and 16 weeks compared with that in the saline group. Hyaluronan showed chondroprotective effects on the articular cartilage in a rat immobilized-knee model.

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Maturation of Proteoglycan Matrix in Articular Cartilage Under Increased and Decreased Joint Loading. A Study in Young Rabbits

Cited by 63 publications

References 36 publications

Changes of articular cartilage after immobilization in a rat knee contracture model

Changes of articular cartilage after immobilization in a rat knee contracture model

Minor Influence of Lifelong Voluntary Exercise on Composition, Structure, and Incidence of Osteoarthritis in Tibial Articular Cartilage of Mice Compared with Major Effects Caused by Growth, Maturation, and Aging

Intra-articular Injection of Hyaluronan Diminishes Loss of Chondrocytes in a Rat Immobilized-Knee Model

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