Maturation of Luteinizing Hormone (Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone) Secretion across Puberty: Evidence for Altered Regulation in Obese Peripubertal Girls

McCartney, Christopher R.; Prendergast, Kathleen A.; Blank, Susan K.; Helm, Kristin D.; Chhabra, Sandhya; Marshall, John C.

doi:10.1210/jc.2008-1252

Cited by 97 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Our findings are further supported by studies showing lower gonadotropin and E 2 levels in early-to-mid-pubertal obese girls compared with similarly matured normal-weight girls (22). In accordance, we found that pubertal girls with adiposity O29% had lower gonadotropin levels compared with the normal-weight pubertal girls.…”

Section: Clinical Studysupporting

confidence: 90%

“…In addition, higher BMI and skin fold thickness in infancy and childhood seem to predict earlier onset of breast development and menarche (18,19,20,21). However, reproductive hormone levels have been reported to be lower in obese compared with normal-weight pubertal girls (22). Thus, inconsistency exists between the findings reported from the population-based studies relying solely on pubertal staging and studies reporting possible effects of obesity on the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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BMI percentile-for-age overestimates adiposity in early compared with late maturing pubertal children

Sørensen

Juul

2015

European Journal of Endocrinology

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Objective: Early pubertal timing is consistently associated with increased BMI percentile-for-age in pubertal girls, while data in boys are more ambiguous. However, higher BMI percentile-for-age may be a result of the earlier puberty per se rather than vice versa. The aim was to evaluate markers of adiposity in relation to pubertal timing and reproductive hormone levels in healthy pubertal boys and girls. Study design: Population-based cross-sectional study (The Copenhagen Puberty Study). Eight-hundred and two healthy Caucasian children and adolescents (486 girls) aged 8.5-16.5 years participated. BMI and bioelectric impedance analyses (BIA) were used to estimate adiposity. Clinical pubertal markers (Tanner stages and testicular volume) were evaluated. LH, FSH, estradiol, testosterone, SHBG and IGF1 levels were determined by immunoassays. Results: In all age groups, higher BMI (all 1 year age-groups, P%0.041) was found with early compared with late maturation, despite similar BIA-estimated body fat percentage (BIA-BF%). Neither BMI nor BIA-BF% differed for a given stage of maturation. BMI percentile-for-age and prevalence of overweight/obesity were higher in the early compared with late matured pubertal children (all P%0.038), despite similar BIA-BF%. Pubertal girls with BIA-BF O29% had significantly lower LH and FSH levels compared with normal-weight girls (P%0.041). Conclusions: Early maturational timing was not associated with higher adiposity for a given stage of puberty. Using BMI percentile-for-age overestimated the degree of adiposity in early pubertal compared with late pubertal children.

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Section: Clinical Studysupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

BMI percentile-for-age overestimates adiposity in early compared with late maturing pubertal children

Sørensen

Juul

2015

European Journal of Endocrinology

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“…Obese woman had significantly lower LH level responses to GnRH than the normal-weight group (17). Similar data also exist in obese girls without precocious puberty (2,6,7,18). Overweight early pubertal girls had significant blunting of sleeprelated LH production, which is the first hormonal change of puberty.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

Impact of BMI on gonadorelin‐stimulated LH peak in premenarcheal girls with idiopathic central precocious puberty

Liang

Zhou

et al. 2015

Obesity

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Objective: To clarify the impact of body mass index (BMI) on luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in response to gonadorelin (GnRH) stimulation testing in girls diagnosed with idiopathic central precocious puberty (ICPP). Methods: Retrospective single-center cohort study was carried out in 865 confirmed ICPP girls who underwent GnRH stimulation tests. Pubertal development according to Tanner, sex hormone parameters, and LH secretion in response to GnRH-stimulation was compared. Results: Around 609 girls were of normal weight (70.4%), while 168 children (19.4%) were overweight, and 88 (10.2%) were obese. Peak LH levels after GnRH were much higher in the normal-weight group, with a median of 9.1 mIU ml 21 (interquartile 5.2-13.1), compared with the median peak LH in the overweight and obese groups (8.5 mIU ml 21 , interquartile 5.3-11.6, and 6.2 mIU ml 21 , interquartile 5.3-11.0, respectively P < 0.001 for all comparisons). Peak LH/FSH ratio was also lower in the obese group (median 0.6, interquartile 0.68-0.90) compared with the normal-weight (median 0.8, interquartile 0.61-1.11) and overweight (median 0.8, interquartile 0.64-0.92) groups. Conclusions: Higher BMI is associated with lower LH response to GnRH-stimulation testing in girls with ICPP. It is recommended that BMI should be considered when interpreting GnRH-stimulation tests.

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“…Obesity in prepubertal and early pubertal girls was associated with reduced overnight LH secretion, while obesity was linked to reduced LH pulse amplitude, but elevated LH pulse frequency, in late pubertal girls (20). In adolescent obese girls with menarche, a reduced ratio between LH and the FSH was observed after weight loss (21).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effect of weight reduction on insulin sensitivity, sex hormone-binding globulin, sex hormones and gonadotrophins in obese children

Birkebæk

Lange²,

Holland-Fischer³

et al. 2010

European Journal of Endocrinology

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Objective: Obesity in men is associated with reduced insulin sensitivity and hypoandrogenism, while obesity in women is associated with reduced insulin sensitivity and hyperandrogenism. In children, the effect of obesity and weight reduction on the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis is rarely investigated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of weight reduction in obese Caucasian children on insulin sensitivity, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), DHEAS and the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis. Methods: One hundred and sixteen (65 females) obese children with a median age of 12.3 (7-15) years were examined before and after a 10-week stay at a weight loss camp. Examination included anthropometry and fasting blood samples measuring plasma glucose, serum insulin, SHBG, DHEAS, testosterone, 17b-oestradiol, FSH and LH. Results: Body mass index (BMI) decreased (P!0.01), insulin sensitivity and SHBG increased (P!0.01), independent of gender and puberty. The changes in insulin sensitivity and the changes in SHBG correlated significantly (P!0.01) independent of gender, puberty and the changes in BMI. Testosterone increased in boys (P!0.01) and tended to decrease in girls (PZ0.05, in girls after menarche (PZ0.03)). FSH increased in boys and girls. LH increased in boys and was unchanged in girls. Conclusions: During weight loss, insulin sensitivity and SHBG increased significantly in obese children, and the changes in insulin sensitivity and the changes in SHBG correlated significantly independent of gender, puberty and the changes in BMI. There was sexual dimorphism in the changes of testosterone, with the changes in boys towards increased virilisation and the changes in girls towards less virilisation.

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Maturation of Luteinizing Hormone (Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone) Secretion across Puberty: Evidence for Altered Regulation in Obese Peripubertal Girls

Abstract: Obesity in prepubertal and early pubertal girls is associated with reduced LH secretion and reduced nocturnal changes of LH. In later pubertal girls, obesity is linked with reduced LH amplitude, but elevated LH frequency; the latter may reflect effects of hyperandrogenemia.

Cited by 97 publications

References 39 publications

BMI percentile-for-age overestimates adiposity in early compared with late maturing pubertal children

BMI percentile-for-age overestimates adiposity in early compared with late maturing pubertal children

Impact of BMI on gonadorelin‐stimulated LH peak in premenarcheal girls with idiopathic central precocious puberty

Effect of weight reduction on insulin sensitivity, sex hormone-binding globulin, sex hormones and gonadotrophins in obese children

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