Maturation and persistence of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 memory B cell response

Sokal, Aurélien; Chappert, Pascal; Barba-Spaeth, Giovanna; Roeser, Anaïs; Fourati, Slim; Azzaoui, Imane; Vandenberghe, Alexis; Fernández, Ignacio; Meola, Annalisa; Bouvier‐Alias, Magali; Crickx, Étienne; Beldi‐Ferchiou, Asma; Hüe, Sophie; Languille, Laetitia; Michel, Marc; Baloul, Samia; Noizat‐Pirenne, F.; Luka, Marine; Mégret, Jérôme; Ménager, Mickaël; Pawlotsky, Jean‐Michel; Fillatreau, Simon; Rey, F.A.; Weill, Jean‐Claude; Reynaud, Claude‐Agnès; Mahévas, Matthieu

doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.050

Cited by 274 publications

(266 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…We assume that infecteds may or may not present with symptoms and that the removed pool accounts for individuals with negligible contribution to infection spread, including individuals that have either recovered with full immunity or died. Given that natural immunity may persist over several months [6][7][8][9] and that our simulations span a period of 6 months, we make the plausible assumption that individuals do not return to the susceptible pool once infected. For simplicity, the simulation scope is limited to two age groups, children in K-12 education spread over 1 to 3 child cohorts and adults over 18 years.…”

Section: Compartmental Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

An examination of school reopening strategies during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

Landeros¹,

Lange

et al. 2021

PLoS ONE

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The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic led to closure of nearly all K-12 schools in the United States of America in March 2020. Although reopening K-12 schools for in-person schooling is desirable for many reasons, officials understand that risk reduction strategies and detection of cases are imperative in creating a safe return to school. Furthermore, consequences of reclosing recently opened schools are substantial and impact teachers, parents, and ultimately educational experiences in children. To address competing interests in meeting educational needs with public safety, we compare the impact of physical separation through school cohorts on SARS-CoV-2 infections against policies acting at the level of individual contacts within classrooms. Using an age-stratified Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Removed model, we explore influences of reduced class density, transmission mitigation, and viral detection on cumulative prevalence. We consider several scenarios over a 6-month period including (1) multiple rotating cohorts in which students cycle through in-person instruction on a weekly basis, (2) parallel cohorts with in-person and remote learning tracks, (3) the impact of a hypothetical testing program with ideal and imperfect detection, and (4) varying levels of aggregate transmission reduction. Our mathematical model predicts that reducing the number of contacts through cohorts produces a larger effect than diminishing transmission rates per contact. Specifically, the latter approach requires dramatic reduction in transmission rates in order to achieve a comparable effect in minimizing infections over time. Further, our model indicates that surveillance programs using less sensitive tests may be adequate in monitoring infections within a school community by both keeping infections low and allowing for a longer period of instruction. Lastly, we underscore the importance of factoring infection prevalence in deciding when a local outbreak of infection is serious enough to require reverting to remote learning.

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Section: Compartmental Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

An examination of school reopening strategies during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

Landeros¹,

Lange

et al. 2021

PLoS ONE

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“…However, no cut-off has been validated, and assessment of the immune status of all vaccine recipients constitutes an unrealistic scenario implying carrying out serological testing on a large scale and spending considerable logistical and financial resources. Since the ADE hypothesis is not supported to date by clinical trials results (including previously infected people), and since series of data seem to indicate that most individuals are protected at least until 3-6 months after a documented infection (49), providing the vaccine after this delay appears a wise option. The vaccine is then expected to act as a booster, helping to mount a faster immune response in case of further contact and reinforcing immune memory.…”

Section: Who Should Be Vaccinated?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges and Issues of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines

Blumental

Debré

2021

Front. Med.

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At the beginning of 2021, anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination campaigns had been launched in almost 60 countries with more than 500 million doses having been distributed. In addition to the few vaccines already in use, many other candidates are in preclinical phases or experimental stages in humans. Despite the fact that the availability of anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine constitutes a major advance and appear to be the only way to control the pandemic, some investigation remains to be carried out, and this is notably concerning the impact on transmissibility, the duration of the conferred protection in the mid- and long term, the effectiveness against present and future viral mutants, or the ideal schedule that should be applied. In this paper, we review the circumstances that facilitated such a rapid development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and summarize the different vaccine platforms under investigation as well as their present results and perspectives in different settings. We also discuss the indications of vaccination under special conditions, such as a history of previous COVID-19 infection or belonging to extreme age categories like children and elderly. Overall, this review highlights the multiple challenges to face if aiming to find a global solution to the pandemic through high vaccination coverage all over the world.

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“…Duration of immunological memory after SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 is unclear [203], but antigenspecific memory T and B cells are detectable in convalescence [403,404]. There is growing evidence that SARS-CoV-2 infection generates antigen-driven long-lasting B cell memory that persists and matures for several months after SARS-CoV-2 infection and may provide long-term protection against systemic disease upon reinfection [405,406]. Thus, waning nAb titers in plasma several months post infection may be compensated by the persistent Bmem repertoire that remains at constant levels or even increases in numbers according to a recent study [407].…”

Section: B Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 Portrayed Against HIV: Contrary Viral Strategies in Similar Disguise

Duerr¹,

Jimenez²,

Dittmann³

2021

Preprint

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SARS-CoV-2 and HIV are zoonotic viruses that rapidly reached pandemic scale causing global losses and fear. The COVID-19 and AIDS pandemics ignited massive efforts worldwide to develop antiviral strategies and characterize viral architectures, biological and immunological properties, and clinical outcomes. Although both viruses have a comparable appearance as enveloped, positive-stranded RNA viruses with envelope spikes mediating cellular entry, the entry process, downstream biological and immunological pathways, clinical outcomes, and disease courses are strikingly different. This review provides a systemic comparison of both viruses’ structural and functional characteristics delineating their distinct strategies for efficient spread.

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Maturation and persistence of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 memory B cell response

Cited by 274 publications

References 81 publications

An examination of school reopening strategies during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

An examination of school reopening strategies during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

Challenges and Issues of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines

SARS-CoV-2 Portrayed Against HIV: Contrary Viral Strategies in Similar Disguise

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