Matte converting in copper smelting

Taskinen, Pekka; Akdogan, G.; Kojo, Ilkka V.; Lahtinen, M.

doi:10.1080/25726641.2018.1514774

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…Metal matte undergoes a conversion process, as it has high concentrations of iron and sulfur, which have to be removed before the refining [ 43 ]. This is carried out in reactors called converters, in which air is blown through molten metal matte and flux [ 44 ]. This process results in oxidation of iron and sulfur, which are subsequently removed from the matte.…”

Section: Production Of Palladium From Primary Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This process results in oxidation of iron and sulfur, which are subsequently removed from the matte. There are many types of converters that can be used in this process, such as the Peirce–Smith converter [ 44 ], bottom blowing converter [ 45 ], Kennecott–Outotec flash converter [ 46 ], and the Ausmelt converter [ 45 ]. The Peirce–Smith converter and its modifications are the most common due to their simplicity of operation [ 44 ].…”

Section: Production Of Palladium From Primary Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are many types of converters that can be used in this process, such as the Peirce–Smith converter [ 44 ], bottom blowing converter [ 45 ], Kennecott–Outotec flash converter [ 46 ], and the Ausmelt converter [ 45 ]. The Peirce–Smith converter and its modifications are the most common due to their simplicity of operation [ 44 ]. To an extent, PGM losses during this process are unavoidable, especially if the processed matte is of low quality.…”

Section: Production Of Palladium From Primary Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Production, Recycling and Economy of Palladium: A Critical Review

Michałek,

Hessel,

Wojnicki

2023

Materials

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Platinum group metals (PGMs), including palladium, play a pivotal role in various industries due to their unique properties. Palladium is frequently employed in technologies aimed at environmental preservation, such as catalytic converters that reduce harmful emissions from vehicles, and in the production of clean energy, notably in the hydrogen evolution process. Regrettably, the production of this vital metal for our environment is predominantly centered in two countries—Russia and South Africa. This centralization has led to palladium being classified as a critical raw material, emphasizing the importance of establishing a secure and sustainable supply chain, as well as employing the most efficient methods for processing materials containing palladium. This review explores techniques for palladium production from primary sources and innovative recycling methods, providing insights into current technologies and emerging approaches. Furthermore, it investigates the economic aspects of palladium production, including price fluctuations influenced by emission regulations and electric vehicle sales, and establishes connections between palladium prices, imports from major producers, as well as copper and nickel prices, considering their often co-occurrence in ores.

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Section: Production Of Palladium From Primary Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Production Of Palladium From Primary Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Production Of Palladium From Primary Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Production, Recycling and Economy of Palladium: A Critical Review

Michałek,

Hessel,

Wojnicki

2023

Materials

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“…Since its birth in 1905, this process has gradually been used around the world. The data show that 70% to 80% of the world's converting process still uses a P-S converter, which is more convenient to operate, inexpensive, and shows its special advantages in dealing with self-produced matte and purchased scrap copper [1]. Therefore, P-S converting technology will continue to be used in the foreseeable future.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase Transformation of Arsenic, Antimony and Lead in High-Grade Copper Matte Converting

Qu,

Yang,

Zhou

et al. 2024

Minerals

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The duration of the high-grade matte converting process is short, the amount of slag is small, and it is difficult for the original impurity removal operation in the low-grade matte converting process to meet the current production demand. Because the removal method for impurity elements during high-grade matte converting is unclear, the phase transformation of impurity elements during this process is investigated in this study. The results show that arsenic exists mainly in the form of FeAsO4 and As2O5, antimony in the form of Sb and Sb2O5, and lead in the form of PbS and PbO in high-grade matte. During the converting process, arsenic and antimony mainly exist in the melt in the form of oxides and gradually aggregate into large particles with increasing copper content in the melt. Lead exists in matte in the form of PbS until the end of the converting process, and PbS is not completely oxidized until the matte converted to blister copper phase. The phase transformation characteristics of copper, iron, sulfur and impurity elements in the process of high-grade matte converting were revealed. This study provides a theoretical reference for the formulation of an efficient impurity removal scheme for the converting process.

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“…In the meantime, with the rapid development of computing power in the last 30 years, CFD software has also demonstrated a strong capacity to describe an integrated flow field in metallurgical vessels (Tang et al 2017) allowing simulation data to be explicitly visualized, including phase distribution, velocity distribution, and mixing behavior. Currently, water modeling and CFD simulation are the two dominant research approaches for the study of transport phenomena in copper smelting and converting (Taskinen et al 2019a(Taskinen et al , 2019b for the optimization of industrial variables including nozzle or the tuyere number and angles, gas flow rate, and thicknesses of slag and matte layers, which have significant impacts on multiphase flow and mixing efficiency.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transport Phenomena in Copper Bath Smelting and Converting Processes – A Review of Experimental and Modeling Studies

Song

Jokilaakso

2020

Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review

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Bath smelting and converting technologies for copper production have been improved, resulting in higher production efficiency and less polluting emissions. Reported studies on experimental and computational modeling approaches are reviewed in this paper, focusing on adjustable variables and flow details, for a thorough understanding of the complex flow phenomena of the high-temperature reactors used. Results from water models and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations indicate that the transport phenomena in different reactors should be analyzed separately, as flow behavior exhibits significant differences in different gas injecting regimes and furnace structures. Mixing behavior and further optimization for most furnaces are presented in this review, showing a considerable degree of agreement between experiments and computational simulations. In general, a deeper nozzle or tuyere level with a higher gas flow rate are factors in the majority of copper bath smelting and converting cases. However, the dynamic parameters cannot be infinitely increased, but should be maintained within an appropriate range to provide relatively high mixing efficiency while preventing refractory corrosion due to splashing. Research on detailed flow phenomena including bubbles and surface waves is relatively scarce. It is suggested that the most efficient reaction areas for furnaces in jetting and bubbling regimes are totally different, due to the differences in bubble behavior. Concerning the bath surface, the behavior of transversal standing waves and longitudinal waves has been preliminarily revealed using water models, suggesting that standing waves tend to disappear in particular ranges of bath height and gas flow rate.

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Matte converting in copper smelting

Cited by 7 publications

References 64 publications

Production, Recycling and Economy of Palladium: A Critical Review

Production, Recycling and Economy of Palladium: A Critical Review

Phase Transformation of Arsenic, Antimony and Lead in High-Grade Copper Matte Converting

Transport Phenomena in Copper Bath Smelting and Converting Processes – A Review of Experimental and Modeling Studies

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