Matrix Attachment Regions

Kohwi‐Shigematsu, Terumi; Kohwi, Yoshinori

doi:10.1002/0471203076.emm0394

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

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“…However, chloroacetaldehyde is more stable in solution than bromoacetaldehyde (23). Haloacetaldehyde reacts with adenines in single-stranded regions (24), and carbodiimide reacts with unpaired thymines and guanines (25). Dimethylsulfate methylates guanines in single-stranded DNA, but it is not able to modify guanines in duplexes or folded structures ( e.g., tetraplex DNA) (26, 27).…”

Section: Detecting Non-b Dna Structures In Vitromentioning

confidence: 99%

Methods to determine DNA structural alterations and genetic instability

Wang

Zhao

Vásquez³

2009

Methods

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Chromosomal DNA is a dynamic structure that can adopt a variety of non-canonical (i.e. non-B) conformations. In this regard, at least ten different forms of non-B DNA conformations have been identified, and many of them have been found to be mutagenic, and associated with human disease development. Despite the importance of non-B DNA structures in genetic instability and DNA metabolic processes, mechanisms remain largely undefined. The purpose of this review is to summarize current methodologies that are used to address questions in the field of non-B DNA structure-induced genetic instability. Advantages and disadvantages of each method will be discussed. A focused effort to further elucidate the mechanisms of non-B DNA-induced genetic instability will lead to a better understanding of how these structure-forming sequences contribute to the development of human disease. KeywordsDNA Structure; Genetic instability; Methods; Reporter gene; Plasmid; Bacteria; Yeast; Mammal; Chromosome DNA is not a uniform molecule and can adopt more than 10 types of non-B DNA conformations (DNA structures that are different from the classic Watson and Crick B-DNA helix). Although most regions of genomic DNA are in the right-handed double helix B-form, alternative DNA structures can exist transiently in the genome. The factors that influence secondary DNA structure formation include the nucleotide sequence, DNA metabolic activities, and the intracellular environment (1). Sequencing of the genomic DNA from various species (including human) has revealed an abundance of repetitive sequences, which have the capacity to adopt a variety of non-canonical DNA structures (2-4). For example, long simple repeat sequences can form slippage structures initiated by misalignment of the two strands, which can then result in looped-out repeat units (5); if the nucleotides in the loop regions are self-complementary and can form intra-strand Watson and Crick base pairs, such as in CNG ("N" can be any one of the 4 nucleotides), then a hairpin structure containing mismatches in the stem can form (6). Because purine bases can exist in a syn conformation, alternating purine/pyrimidine sequences, such as GT and GC repeats, are readily converted into a left-handed Z-DNA

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Section: Detecting Non-b Dna Structures In Vitromentioning

confidence: 99%