Mathematics and the Collision Regulations

Wylie, F. J.

doi:10.1017/s0373463300041497

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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Section: Studies In Collision Avoidancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since then, there have been numerous discussions and studies devoted to analysing similar collision avoidance manoeuvres (mostly considering two ships on collision course) and debating 'suitable ' evasive manoeuvres (e.g. Calvert 1961, Morrel 1961, Wylie 1962. For collision-risk indication, an anti-collision indicator has been developed by Mitrofanov (1968), which was an electro-mechanical analogue computer installed onboard the ship 6 that computed evasive action if it existed ; it was based upon (manually input) data from radar and the evasive manoeuvres were determined with a mathematical model that related speed and course for the two closing ships.…”

Section: S T U D I Ementioning

confidence: 99%

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Review of Collision Avoidance and Path Planning Methods for Ships in Close Range Encounters

Tam

Bucknall

Greig³

2009

J. Navigation

216

107

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Efficient marine navigation through obstructions is still one of the many problems faced by the mariner. Many accidents can be traced to human error, recently increased traffic densities and the average cruise speed of ships impedes the collision avoidance decision making process further in the sense that decisions have to be made in reduced time. It seems logical that the decision making process be computerised and automated as a step forward to reduce the risk of collision. This article reviews the development of collision avoidance techniques and path planning for ships, particularly when engaged in close range encounters. In addition, previously published works have been categorised and their shortcomings highlighted in order to identify the ' state of the art ' and issues in close range marine navigation. K E Y

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Section: Studies In Collision Avoidancementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: S T U D I Ementioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Collision Avoidance and Path Planning Methods for Ships in Close Range Encounters

Tam

Bucknall

Greig³

2009

J. Navigation

216

107

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“…Certainly Wylie was as unconverted by Calvert's second paper as he had been by the first. In a superbly unanswerable paragraph 5 he suggested that the conflict between ' certain mathematicians and certain mariners' was philosophic rather than mathematical and that, 'Although it would never be suggested that the mathematical system is anything but flawless in isolation, there are grave doubts that it would work, even on a planet composed solely of deep water and supporting ships staffed by mathematicians, having collision avoidance as their single preoccupation'.…”

Section: John Kemp Writesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Manœuvres to Ensure the Avoidance of Collision

Calvert

1997

J. Navigation

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This paper was first published in 1960 (Vol. 13, p. 127). It is followed by comments from John Kemp. The paper has been abridged, including the omission of section 5 which described a proposal for a new radar display.When the problem of collision in the air is discussed, it is usual to start by pointing out the enormous closing speed of two modern aircraft meeting head-on, and to conclude from this that avoidance on the ‘see and be seen’ principle has ceased to be possible. The fact is, however, that the great majority of mid-air collisions (about 85 percent) occur within five miles of an airport and the typical case is not the head-on one, but the case in which the two aircraft crab into one another from a direction which may be anywhere around the whole enclosing sphere. Since the field of view of the aircrew covers only about 20 percent of the enclosing sphere, the aircrew of colliding aircraft seldom see each other. It would seem, therefore, that the ‘see and be seen’ principle never did afford much protection, even when speeds were low. In other words, the fact that the number of mid-air collisions in Europe has hitherto been small is not primarily due to seeing and evading, although this sometimes happens, but to the fact that the airspace is very large compared to the volume of all the aircraft in it at any given time. However, as traffic densities go up, the risk rapidly increases, and in congested airspace, such as that around New York, the problem of avoiding collision has already become acute. In the period 1948–57, there were 159 mid-air collisions in the United States, and many of these made headlines in the world press. One can imagine the public outcry if two large transports were to collide over a housing estate; but unless something effective is done, something like this will presumably happen eventually. At very high altitudes the ‘see and be seen’ principle certainly fails, by day, because the speed will be high, and in addition, the range at which a pilot can see an object the size of an aircraft may be less than 1½ miles due to what is sometimes called ‘high-altitude myopia’.

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“…These approaches were based upon the triangle of velocities, which describes the relationship between the speed of an own ship, the speed of a target ship and the relative speed of a target ship in reference to an own ship. Examples of such methods were introduced by D. Sadler [11], E. Calvert [12,13], J. Garcia-Frias [14], F. Wylie [15,16] and S. Hollingdale [17].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Collision Avoidance and Path Planning Methods for Ships Utilizing Radar Remote Sensing

Lazarowska

2021

Remote Sensing

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The paper presents a comparative analysis of recent collision avoidance and real-time path planning algorithms for ships. Compared methods utilize radar remote sensing for target ships detection. Different recently introduced approaches are briefly described and compared. An emphasis is put on input data reception using a radar as a remote sensing device applied in order to detect moving obstacles such as encountered ships. The most promising methods are highlighted and their advantages and limitations are discussed. Concluding remarks include proposals of further research directions in the development of collision avoidance methods utilizing radar remote sensing.

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Mathematics and the Collision Regulations

Cited by 5 publications

References 6 publications

Review of Collision Avoidance and Path Planning Methods for Ships in Close Range Encounters

Review of Collision Avoidance and Path Planning Methods for Ships in Close Range Encounters

Manœuvres to Ensure the Avoidance of Collision

Review of Collision Avoidance and Path Planning Methods for Ships Utilizing Radar Remote Sensing

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