Mathematical Simulation and Experimental Verification of Carburizing Quenching Process Based on Multi-Field Coupling

Wang, Jiangang; Yang, Shuai; Li, Jianhui; Ju, Dongying; Liu, Xusheng; He, Fangbo; Li, Hui; Chen, Yong

doi:10.3390/coatings11091132

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The distortion after carburizing and quenching is an important component of a quality check. If the amount of transformation is too large, it will lead to gear transmission unstable and produce a large noise level, which can affect the assembly of the transmission [12]. Figure 11a is a 20-fold magnification of the final state deformation of the C-ring after carburizing and quenching.…”

Section: Distortion and Displacement Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, there are many problems in the simulation of material parameters at present, such as inconsistent data grades, imperfect material data, or even no data. Among them, the K-M formula is often used for the calculation model of martensite transformation [11,12], and the parameter α in the formula is generally selected as 0.011, which is obviously not rigorous enough. The error of martensite transition temperature calculated by the empirical formula is large.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Predictions and Experiments on the Distortion of the 20Cr2Ni4A C-ring during Carburizing and Quenching Process

Yan

Xue

et al. 2022

Materials

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This paper focuses on the effect of gear steel on distortion due to phase transformation in carburizing and quenching. The carburizing and quenching process of C-rings under suspension was studied by using the finite element method based on the thermo-mechanical theory, considering phase transformation. The phase transformation kinetics parameters, depending on different carbon contents, were measured by Gleeble-3500. The distortion behavior of the carburized C-ring during the cooling stage was analyzed, as well as the carbon concentration distribution and martensite volume fractions. The accuracy of the simulation was also verified by comparing the experimental data with the simulated result of the distortion and microstructure. A reliable basis is provided for predicting the distortion mechanism of gear steels in carburizing and quenching.

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Section: Distortion and Displacement Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictions and Experiments on the Distortion of the 20Cr2Ni4A C-ring during Carburizing and Quenching Process

Yan

Xue

et al. 2022

Materials

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“…These contributions have helped other authors ensure that the data obtained from mathematical simulations can be used to further predict the microstructure that can be obtained in the workpieces when subjected to cooling [19]. Wang et al [20] carried out a finite element model of carburizing and quenching in helical gear made of 20CrMnTiH steel; in this model, the mutual coupling between the phase transformation field, stress-strain field, and temperature field were considered. This coupling effect was based on the metal-thermal-mechanics theory of continuous thermodynamics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Analysis of Convective Heat Transfer in Quenching Treatments of Boron Steel under Different Configurations of Immersed Water Jets and Its Effects on Microstructure

Tinajero-Álvarez,

Hernández-Bocanegra,

Ramos-Banderas

et al. 2024

Fluids

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In this work, the effects of jet impact angle and water flow on the heat-transfer coefficient in boron steel probes were analyzed. Angles of 90°, 75° and 60° were used with stirring flows of 33 l·min−1, 25 l·min−1, 13 l·min−1 and 6 l·min−1. The aim consisted of determining the heat-extraction rates by analyzing the correlation programmed in the Ansys Fluent 2020R2 software when different cooling conditions are used, avoiding many experiments, and establishing quenching conditions free of surface defects on the workpiece. This process is currently used in heavy machinery, requiring high hardness and wear resistance. The fluid-dynamic field was validated using a scale physical model using the particle image velocimetry technique, PIV. In contrast, the thermal field was validated with transient state experiments solving the inverse heat conduction problem, IHCP. The results show that for high flows (33 l·min−1), the jets with an angle of 90° impact the entire surface of the piece, but their cooling rate is slower compared to the other angles, being 243.61 K·s−1, and 271.70 K·s−1, 329.56 K·s−1 for 75° and 60°, respectively. However, for low flows (6 l·min−1), the impact velocities are very similar for the three cases, promoting more homogeneous cooling rates of 58.47 K·s−1, 73.58 K·s−1 and 63.98 K s−1 for angles of 90°, 75° and 60°, respectively. Likewise, through the use of CCT diagrams, it was determined that regardless of the cooling rate, the final structure will always be a mixture of martensite–bainite due to the effect of boron as determined experimentally, which implies a more significant proportion of martensite at higher cooling rates.

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“…They also used an artificial neural network that predicted the hardening depth to be 1.58 mm, which was almost a 9% difference between the measurement and the simulation. Wang et al [26] focused on 20CrMnTiH bevel gear. The carbon potential was changed during the carburizing process which was followed by the simulation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Verification of the Simulated Carburizing Process in Different Bore Sizes

Rumony,

Szlancsik,

Kovács

2023

Coatings

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Carburizing is one of the leading surface treatments in the industry. For this study, 20MnCr5 steel was gas carburized and quenched in real circumstances and simulated with Simufact software. The research investigated the dimensions and types of bores. A through and blind bore was used in this study to analyze how the geometry affects the created layer and, additionally, it takes into account the placement in the heat treatment furnace. An optical microscope and Vickers hardness tester were used to detect the changes in microstructure and measure the layer thickness. After the experiments, a simulation calculated the same variables to compare and validate the results to each other. It can be stated that the placement in the chamber did not influence the form of the high carbon content layer. The simulation and the measured results were in good agreement. The maximum hardness difference was 17%, but the calculated layer thicknesses were always between the measured data. For example, in the case of a small blind bore, the calculated layer thickness was 1.68 ± 0.18 mm, while the measured value was 1.54 ± 0.37 mm. Additionally, the hardness change in depth was similar in both cases. After this validation process, the residual stresses and plastic strains were determined. The maximum residual stresses were similar for every case, namely around 1900 MPa, while the maximum plastic strain was measured in a small blind bore with a value of 0.18. The minimum plastic strain was 0.04 in the through bore.

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Mathematical Simulation and Experimental Verification of Carburizing Quenching Process Based on Multi-Field Coupling

Cited by 6 publications

References 25 publications

Predictions and Experiments on the Distortion of the 20Cr2Ni4A C-ring during Carburizing and Quenching Process

Predictions and Experiments on the Distortion of the 20Cr2Ni4A C-ring during Carburizing and Quenching Process

Numerical Analysis of Convective Heat Transfer in Quenching Treatments of Boron Steel under Different Configurations of Immersed Water Jets and Its Effects on Microstructure

Verification of the Simulated Carburizing Process in Different Bore Sizes

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