“…One study, even though it had methodological flaws, provided at least weak support for the theory that planning activities associated with programming may improve general planning (White & Collins, 1983). Nonstructured discovery lessons in Logo (Pea & Kurland, 1984), a 1-semester BASIC course (Blume & Shoen, 1988), and varied experience with programming (Kurland et al, 1986) were shown not to improve planning skills. However, other studies have found that instruction in planning and design has a positive effect on planning skills, with a planning language or with the use of structure charts .…”