“…El-Sherbeny (2010) provided a detailed review of vehicle routing problems with time windows (VRPTW), including exact, heuristic, and meta-heuristic applications. For the VRP problems, besides providing the MILP model, other exact solution techniques such as developing and solving the CP model (De Backer, Furnon, Shaw, Kilby, & Prosser, 2000;Hojabri, Gendreau, Potvin, & Rousseau, 2018;Booth & Beck, 2019;Hà et al, Hà et al, 2020;Öztop, Kizilay, & Çil, 2020) as well as lagrangian relaxation (LR) (Guimarans, Herrero, Ramos, & Padrón, 2011) are provided. Hojabri, Gendreau, Potvin, & Rousseau (2018) and Hà et al (2020) employ a CP approach for the VRP with synchronization constraints, whereas Booth & Beck (2019) propose a CP model for the electric vehicle routing with time windows and Öztop, Kizilay, & Çil (2020) develop a CP model for a periodic VRP with time windows and time spread constraints.…”