Mathematical Modeling of ZrKClO₄ Nano Particle Energy Release

A Combined Study of TEM-EDS/XPS and Molecular Modeling on the Aging of THPP, ZPP, and BKNO3 Explosive Charges in PMDs under Accelerated Aging Conditions

“…A substantial decrease of relative heat (18% and 40% for BKNO 3 and ZPP, respectively) was also detected by DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) measurements for 16-week aged samples under accelerated aging conditions, confirming that the aging of explosive charges is mostly affected by extra oxygen sources, such as moisture [7,8]. In addition, thermodynamic calculations showed the flame temperature decrease (or explosive power decrease) of BKNO 3 due to pre-oxidations of B by extra oxygen source, complied with experimental results [9,10]. However, the growth of oxide shells with time was different between B and Zr, suggesting that the extent of aging depends on the materials of explosive charges [7,8].…”

“…It is apparent that ZPP experiences performance degradation when exposed to water for a long time because oxygen keeps penetrating into the interior of Zr, allowing growth of oxide shells by pre-oxidation. Pre-oxidation means the pre-consumption of explosive power, leading to the decreased power of aged explosive charges [9,10]. On the contrary, THPP is superbly robust to aging.…”

Thermodynamic Analysis on the Aging of THPP, ZPP and BKNO3 Explosive Charges in PMDs

“…Thermodynamically, the concept of "adiabatic flame temperature" is a good indicator of energy released by an explosion. We also reported that the pressure exerted by PMDs is correlated to the flame temperature of the system [15,16]. The decrease in flame temperature suggests that the resulting gaseous products are less energetic and thereby weakens the propulsion of PMDs.…”