Mathematical modeling of the pultrusion of epoxy based composites

Trivisano, A.; Maffezzoli, Alfonso; Kenny, J. M.; Nicolais, L.

doi:10.1002/adv.1990.060100402

Cited by 23 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…4 and 5 were determined using a nonlinear regres- Tables 3 and 4. All values are in good agreement with the results obtained by several authors [1,7,16,[17][18][19][20][21] for epoxy-based systems. From those values it was possible to evaluate the effect of the nanofiller on the networking behavior.…”

Section: Determination Of the Kinetic Constantssupporting

confidence: 91%

Modelling of the chemo–rheological behavior of thermosetting polymer nanocomposites

et al. 2008

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Epoxy/amine/montmorillonite nanocomposite systems are studied in this article. Both a thermo2kinetic analysis (performed using a differential scanning calorimeter) and a chemorheological characterization were carried out. The comparison of DSC thermograms has shown that the addition the nanofiller does not change the mechanism of crosslinking from a qualitative standpoint, but the nanoreinforcement seemed to produce an evident hindrance on the molecular mobility, which in turn influences the cure reactions. As none of the kinetic models available in literature was able to describe the cure behavior of the aforementioned materials, a new phenomenological model is proposed in this work, which considers the activation energy of the networking process a function of the degree of cure (rising exponentially towards infinity when the system approaches vitrification). The effects of the presence of the clay on the chemorheology of the composites was resumed as follows: the viscosity of the nanocomposite was higher at any temperature, furthermore the composite viscosity showed an higher heating sensitivity before networking and gelation occurred at lower degrees of cure, thus determining a narrower shape of the chemoviscosity behavior. A modified version of the classical Williams-Landel-Ferry (WLF) equation that took into account the gelation and the effects of crosslinking was uses as chemorheological model. Once the characteristic parameters of both the neat resin and the nanocomposite were found, the chemoviscosity models were integrated using a numerical algorithm, to check their ability to foresee the behavior of the systems during a dynamic cure process. A very good correspondence between the results and the experimental data was obtained. POLYM.

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Section: Determination Of the Kinetic Constantssupporting

confidence: 91%

Modelling of the chemo–rheological behavior of thermosetting polymer nanocomposites

et al. 2008

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“…The large amount of experimental and theoretical information about the basic phenomena that accompany epoxy‐based composite processing produced in past years1–10 is responsible for more efficient processes and higher quality products, mainly obtained in the field of high performance composite materials for aerospace applications. This quality need has led to the development and implementation of “ in situ ” sensors capable of providing information that can be correlated to the fundamental process variables, such as degree of reaction and viscosity, during cure 11–14…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cure monitoring of epoxy matrices for composites by ultrasonic wave propagation

Maffezzoli¹,

Quarta²,

Luprano³

et al. 1999

J. Appl. Polym. Sci.

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Although ultrasonic wave propagation is a well-known technique for nondestructive analysis, it can be also applied for dynamic mechanical characterization (DMA) of polymers and composites. Most of DMA characterizations at ultrasonic frequencies are performed on thermoplastics and only a few articles are available on the characterization of the reactive properties of thermosetting resins. Therefore, in this work a complete characterization of the cure of a model epoxy system is presented, by comparing isothermal and nonisothermal data. The propagation of ultrasonic waves acting as a dynamic mechanical deformation at high frequencies can be used for the calculation of complex longitudinal bulk moduli during the cure of the epoxy resin. The evolution of attenuation and velocity during reaction is related to the strong physical changes occurring during the cure process. Furthermore, a comparison between the degree of reaction measured by Differential Scanning Calorimetry and ultrasonic data is proposed. The ultrasonic velocity (or the bulk longitudinal modulus) can be considered the most interesting parameter for cure monitoring because it follows the growth and evolution of the mechanical stiffness of the resin during cure. In particular, the obtained results suggest that the measurement of longitudinal velocity or LЈ could be exploited for on-line measurements of post-gel properties. Finally, an immediate correlation is also proposed between the gel time and the end of cure and the ultrasonic data.

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“…Many thermosetting resins are used in pultrusion technology: unsaturated polyester, [1][2][3][4][5] epoxy resins with low initial viscosity, 6,7 and phenolic resins. 8,9 Acrylic resins have been recently introduced in this field, but few kinetic studies have been performed for application of this type of resin in pultrusion technology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of kinetic parameters of an urethane-acrylate resin for pultrusion process

Sarrionandia¹,

Mondragón²,

Moschiar³

et al. 2000

J. Appl. Polym. Sci.

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An urethane-acrylic resin for a pultrusion processing application was studied. The concentration of Perkadox 16 and methyl methacrylate (MMA) was changed in the formulation mixture. A calorimetric study was performed in a DSC equipment. Isothermal runs from 42 to 60°C were performed to obtain a kinetic model for the polymerization reaction. Conversion of vitrification as a function of temperature was determined and the total heat of reaction as a function of MMA content was also measured. A general kinetic model was applied. An autocatalytic model and mastercurve approach with an order of reaction of n ϩ m ϭ 2 and an activation energy of 95.9 kJ/mol were found. By the application of the Kissinger model for dynamic runs, an activation energy of 88.8 kJ/mol was obtained.

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Mathematical modeling of the pultrusion of epoxy based composites

Abstract: ABSTRACT

Cited by 23 publications

References 6 publications

Modelling of the chemo–rheological behavior of thermosetting polymer nanocomposites

Modelling of the chemo–rheological behavior of thermosetting polymer nanocomposites

Cure monitoring of epoxy matrices for composites by ultrasonic wave propagation

Analysis of kinetic parameters of an urethane-acrylate resin for pultrusion process

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