Mathematical modeling and measurement of electric fields of electrode-based through-the-earth (TTE) communication

Yan, Lincan; Zhou, Chenming; Reyes, Miguel; Whisner, Bruce; Damiano, Nicholas W.

doi:10.1002/2016rs006242

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…It is interesting to note that there appears to be an optimum frequency around 90 Hz which shows the minimum attenuation caused by the channel. This finding is consistent with the finding reported in [16] that was based on the measurement results from a different coal mine. Similar to the received signal power, the interference power also decreases with frequency.…”

Section: Measured Channel Loss and Electromagnetic Interferencesupporting

confidence: 94%

“…For the receiver, signals from the wire connected to electrodes were directly fed into one of the analog input ports of the NI-DAC. More details about the measurement system can be found in [16].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It should be noted that, to our best knowledge, this paper is one of the few papers reporting TTE measurements in a relatively deep (depth > 1, 000 ft) underground coal mine, as the depth of the mines reported in the literature is typically less than 1,000 ft [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electromagnetic Environments and Wireless Channels for Through-the-Earth (Tte) Communications in an Underground Coal Mine: Modeling and Measurements

Zhou¹,

Damiano²

2021

PIER M

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Through-the-earth (TTE) communication systems are useful for post-disaster emergency communications due to their likelihood of surviving a mine disaster. The wireless channel and electromagnetic environment (EME) are two primary factors that affect the performance of a TTE system and have not been well understood in a mining environment. This paper reports our recent measurements conducted in an active coal mine to characterize the wireless channel and EME of a TTE system. TTE transmissions were successfully demonstrated in a mine location with a depth of 567 m (1,860 ft) by using ground rods installed on the surface and existing roof bolts in the underground. The results show that the EME in the mine is dominated by the 60-Hz signal and its harmonics for both surface and underground environments. The signal attenuation caused by the channel increases for frequencies greater than 90 Hz, which appears to be an optimum frequency point showing the smallest attenuation. An analytical path loss model for TTE channels is developed and validated using measurement results. This paper provides a measured data set as well as a model that an electricfield TTE system operator or system designer can reference when implementing TTE technologies in a mining environment.

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Section: Measured Channel Loss and Electromagnetic Interferencesupporting

confidence: 94%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electromagnetic Environments and Wireless Channels for Through-the-Earth (Tte) Communications in an Underground Coal Mine: Modeling and Measurements

Zhou¹,

Damiano²

2021

PIER M

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“…By measuring the three magnetic field components near the conductor, it was found that there is a coupling effect in the signal, which is caused by the current inside the slender conductor. This discovery can be used to predict the feasibility of strong penetration information transmission links in different settings and optimize the positions of the transmitting and receiving ends [3][4][5][6][7].…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research on Channel Characteristics and Electrode Electrical Performance of Earth Current Field Information Transmission Technology

et al. 2023

Sensors

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Starting from the need for emergency rescue information transmission in tunnel engineering accidents, this article focuses on researching and solving the technical problems of information transmission between rescue personnel and trapped personnel after tunnel engineering collapse accidents, before and during the rescue process. The research objects are the information transmission channel and grounding electrode in the earth current field information transmission technology, and the electromagnetic characteristics of the earth medium and the electrical performance of the grounding electrode are studied and analyzed using the electromagnetic simulation software Maxwell based on finite element algorithm, establish a three-dimensional model based on the transmission of current field information of the ground electrode, analyze the effects of the electrode array, electrode depth, and radius on impedance. Research has shown that the impedance of the earth is related to the resistivity of the medium and is not a human-controllable factor. To reduce the contact impedance of an electric dipole antenna, one should start with the contact impedance of the earth electrode. The impedance of the transmitting end is an important factor affecting the efficiency of information transmission; parallel connection of multiple grounding electrodes, increasing the depth of grounding electrode penetration into the soil layer, and increasing the radius between grounding electrode pairs are all effective methods to reduce the contact impedance of electric dipole antennas, thereby improving information transmission capacity. To achieve wireless information transmission through the stratum, by appropriately selecting the operating frequency of electromagnetic waves, a certain distance of signal transmission can be achieved.

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“…There are two types of through‐the‐Earth (TTE) wireless communication in the mining industry: magnetic loop through‐the‐Earth (TTE) and electrode‐based (or linear) TTE. While the electrode based TTE system sends a signal directly through the mine overburden by driving an extremely low frequency (ELF) or ultralow frequency (ULF) AC current into the Earth (Yan et al., 2017), the magnetic loop system sends a signal through magnetic fields. The receiver at the other end (underground or surface) detects the resultant magnetic fields and receives it as a voltage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetic Field Above Stratified Earth in Magnetic Loop Through‐the‐Earth Wireless Communications

Yan

Reyes

2022

Radio Science

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Evaluation of the very‐low frequency, ultralow frequency, or extremely low frequency magnetic field (H‐field) due to a buried or on‐surface magnetic dipole or antenna is important for applications such as geophysical exploration and through‐the‐Earth (TTE) wireless communications. In this study, we develop an explicit form of magnetic field over multi‐layer Earth medium (N > 3). The generalized solution is derived for operating frequency, mine depth, and Earth conductivity that would be typically related to TTE applications.

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Mathematical modeling and measurement of electric fields of electrode-based through-the-earth (TTE) communication

Cited by 12 publications

References 10 publications

Electromagnetic Environments and Wireless Channels for Through-the-Earth (Tte) Communications in an Underground Coal Mine: Modeling and Measurements

Electromagnetic Environments and Wireless Channels for Through-the-Earth (Tte) Communications in an Underground Coal Mine: Modeling and Measurements

Research on Channel Characteristics and Electrode Electrical Performance of Earth Current Field Information Transmission Technology

Magnetic Field Above Stratified Earth in Magnetic Loop Through‐the‐Earth Wireless Communications

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