“…Both the tools and methods created for microstructural optimisation can be employed in the multi-purpose TO, but also solutions developed for a particular material microscale may have an employment in construction macrostructures composed of smaller members. That is also the case of recently developed methods for efficiently handling buckling in polymers optimisation [512], as well as for multimaterial TO (MMTO) [513,514], with its specific problems, as extensive local extrema, and techniques designed to overcome such obstacles. Furthermore, many important advances in TO methods and approaches are being developed within the materials design field, making it especially relevant, also for TO in civil and structural steel design.…”
Section: New Materials Composites and Polymers Designmentioning
Topology Optimisation is a broad concept deemed to encapsulate different processes for computationally determining structural materials optimal layouts. Among such techniques, Discrete Optimisation has a consistent record in Civil and Structural Engineering. In contrast, the Optimisation of Continua recently emerged as a critical asset for fostering the employment of Additive Manufacturing, as one can observe in several other industrial fields. With the purpose of filling the need for a systematic review both on the Topology Optimisation recent applications in structural steel design and on its emerging advances that can be brought from other industrial fields, this article critically analyses scientific publications from the year 2015 to 2020. Over six hundred documents, including Research, Review and Conference articles, added to Research Projects and Patents, attained from different sources were found significant after eligibility verifications and therefore, herein depicted. The discussion focused on Topology Optimisation recent approaches, methods, and fields of application and deepened the analysis of structural steel design and design for Additive Manufacturing. Significant findings can be found in summarising the state-of-the-art in profuse tables, identifying the recent developments and research trends, as well as discussing the path for disseminating Topology Optimisation in steel construction.
“…Both the tools and methods created for microstructural optimisation can be employed in the multi-purpose TO, but also solutions developed for a particular material microscale may have an employment in construction macrostructures composed of smaller members. That is also the case of recently developed methods for efficiently handling buckling in polymers optimisation [512], as well as for multimaterial TO (MMTO) [513,514], with its specific problems, as extensive local extrema, and techniques designed to overcome such obstacles. Furthermore, many important advances in TO methods and approaches are being developed within the materials design field, making it especially relevant, also for TO in civil and structural steel design.…”
Section: New Materials Composites and Polymers Designmentioning
Topology Optimisation is a broad concept deemed to encapsulate different processes for computationally determining structural materials optimal layouts. Among such techniques, Discrete Optimisation has a consistent record in Civil and Structural Engineering. In contrast, the Optimisation of Continua recently emerged as a critical asset for fostering the employment of Additive Manufacturing, as one can observe in several other industrial fields. With the purpose of filling the need for a systematic review both on the Topology Optimisation recent applications in structural steel design and on its emerging advances that can be brought from other industrial fields, this article critically analyses scientific publications from the year 2015 to 2020. Over six hundred documents, including Research, Review and Conference articles, added to Research Projects and Patents, attained from different sources were found significant after eligibility verifications and therefore, herein depicted. The discussion focused on Topology Optimisation recent approaches, methods, and fields of application and deepened the analysis of structural steel design and design for Additive Manufacturing. Significant findings can be found in summarising the state-of-the-art in profuse tables, identifying the recent developments and research trends, as well as discussing the path for disseminating Topology Optimisation in steel construction.
“…Thus, considering the productive scanning speed and non-productive speed (jump e) , the total production (scanning) time of each pattern i is expressed by the equation (5).…”
“…According to Wohlers Associates (2016), the turnover evolved exponentially between 2009 and 2015; in 2009 the market size was evaluated at 1.1 Billion of US Dollars and the growth reached around 500% reaching 5.1 Billion of US Dollars in 2015 [1]. Additive manufacturing is applied to most industries and the corresponding processes are dedicated especially to complex designed parts [2][3][4][5]. These latter are used for structural features or as decorative utensils alike.…”
Section: Introduction and Contextmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…From a performance stand-point, an optimized choice of the process parameters combinations leads to obtain the target performance and to reach a given level of final mechanical and material features. Indeed, researchers tried to explain the dependencies and interdependencies between the process parameters: process outputs according to process inputs [5,[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16].…”
In this paper, the authors propose a novel strategy of 2D scanning that might be adapted for any additive manufacturing process. The featured novelty corresponds to a Skeleton Based Perpendicularly (SBP) of the 2D shape of each slice. Thus, it is proposed to minimize the total production time of a given layer under some constraints. In other word, it is proposed to study the competitiveness conditions of the new scanning technique regarding the classical chess scanning strategy from a productivity perspective. In order to introduce this new technique, the paper treats the case of a rectangular layer. The competitiveness of the proposed technique was discussed according to chess decomposition parameters, the hatch space distance, and the dimensions of the primitive rectangle layer to analyze. The indicators introduced corresponds to “the gain of production time” and “the specific gain of production time per surface unit”; then, these latter were computed and discussed in two separated cases of study. The findings show that, by the adoption of the SBP technique instead the chess scanning strategy, it is possible to save about 3% to 45% of production time gain for the first case of study. The gain of production time per surface unit was analyzed in the second case of study. The correspondent analysis permitted to highlight the percentage of gain of time related to the area to scan. Indeed, the gain per surface unit varies between 4.32×10-6%/mm2 and 6.96×10-05%/mm2. In one hand, these indicators depend linearly on the decomposition strategy of the central area of the SBP technique and also according to the rectangle dimensions. In addition, for the lowest values of hatch space, around 25µm, the two techniques in competition present quasi-similar production time, where the variations between them is minimal. Nevertheless, starting from 65µm, the SBP scanning strategy present considerable less time of production judged as exponentially decreasing according to the hatch space distance. Finally, one can see that the scanning model proposed could present major contributions in other scientific and technical fields that use surface control as territorial security, water adduction and distribution, telecommunication, etc. by varying and adapting the decision variables according to each field of study.
“…Other studies also used the benefits of additive manufacturing for the fabrication of lattice structures. In the field of polymers, the design for the SLA [10,11] and the FDM [12,13] process and subsequent compression behavior in particular have been widely investigated.…”
Additive Manufacturing provides the opportunity to produce tailored and complex structures economically. The use of lattice structures in combination with a thermoplastic elastomer enables the generation of structures with configurable properties by varying the cell parameters. Since there is only little knowledge about the producibility of lattice structures made of TPE in the laser sintering process and the resulting mechanical properties, different kinds of lattice structures are investigated within this work. The cell type, cell size and strut thickness of these structures are varied and analyzed. Within the experimental characterization of Dodecahedron-cell static and cyclic compression tests of sandwich structures are focused. The material exhibits hyperelastic and plastic properties and also the Mullins-Effect. For the later design of real TPE structures, the use of numerical methods helps to reduce time and costs. The preceding experimental investigations are used to develop a concept for the numerical modeling of TPE lattice structures.
Graphic abstract
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