“…A study conducted in the Netherlands determined that CL/P was more common in males while cleft palate (CP) was more common in females (Pool et al, 2020). While one study concluded similar results (Bui et al, 2018a), other studies identified CL/P, CL, and/or CP to be more prevalent in females (Omo-Aghoja et al, 2010;Kalaskar et al, 2013;Mbuyi-Musanzayi et al, 2018;Ali & Hamid, 2019) and CLP, CL and alveolus, and CP to be prevalent in males (Mbuyi-Musanzayi et al, 2018;Ali & Hamid, 2019). Due to the interplay between genetics and the environment, genetic testing in LMICs is important as this population may be exposed to additional environmental risk factors, such as poverty and lack of nutritious food, in comparison to individuals in high-income settings.…”