Maternal Spleen Size Throughout Normal Pregnancy

Maymon, Ron; Zimerman, Ariel; Strauß, Simon; Gayer, Gabriela

doi:10.1053/j.sult.2006.10.005

Cited by 25 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…For example, the size and cellularity of the thymus decreases in late pregnancy, 16 and it has been proposed that this is related to maternal progesterone 17 . Splenic hypertrophy has been observed during normal gestation in both humans 18 and mice, 19,20 but the spleen then returns to pre‐pregnant size in the post‐partum period. In mice, the uterine draining lymph nodes are enlarged in both syngeneic and allogeneic pregnancies 21,22 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence that CD8 T‐cell homeostasis and function remain intact during murine pregnancy

et al. 2010

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SummaryEvolving models of immune tolerance have challenged the view that the response of the maternal immune system to environmental or fetal antigens must be suppressed or deviated. CD8 T cells play a central role in the immune response to viruses and intracellular pathogens so the maintenance of both the number and function of these cells is critical to protect both the mother and fetus. We show that the numbers of maternal CD8 T cells in both the spleen and the uterine draining lymph nodes are transiently increased at mid-gestation and this correlates with enhanced CD8 T-cell proliferation and an increased relative expression of both prosurvival and pro-apoptotic molecules. In transgenic mice bearing T-cell antigen receptors specific for the male HY or allo-antigens, the transgenic CD8 T cells retain the ability to proliferate and function during pregnancy. Moreover, anti-HY T-cell receptor transgenic mice have normal numbers of male pups despite the presence of CD8 T cells at the maternal-fetal interface. These data suggest that pregnancy is a dynamic state in which CD8 T-cell turnover is increased while the function and ending size of the CD8 T-cell compartment are maintained.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence that CD8 T‐cell homeostasis and function remain intact during murine pregnancy

et al. 2010

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“…1). An observation, supporting such additional functions, is the enlargement of the spleen during pregnancy (22). A more general role of the spleen as a provider of immune cells to the rest of the body, in both physiological and pathological inflammatory reactions, is supported by recent findings in an experimental model for myocardial infarction in which a massive influx of splenic monocytes was observed in the damaged tissue (23).…”

Section: Leukocytes and Ovulationmentioning

confidence: 86%

Invaders from the Spleen: An Unexpected Origin of the Leukocytes Participating in Ovulation

Hedin

2010

Endocrinology

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A role for leukocytes in the ovary was suggested previously in 1953 (1), the same year as the debut of Invaders from Mars, the science fiction film in which space aliens take over the minds of earthlings. By the end of the 1950s, the Danish scientist Zachariae and coworkers had demonstrated that a specific subset of leukocytes, basophils, migrated from the blood to the ovary and accumulated around the ovulating follicle (2). More than 20 yr later, Lawrence Espey published his landmark article in which he suggested that ovulation was an inflammatory reaction involving leukocytes (3), a hypothesis that created the theoretical foundation for research in this field for the decades to come (4, 5). Since then, inflammation has been demonstrated to play a crucial role in additional reproductive processes, including implantation (6), as well as in diseases of the reproductive organs, e.g. endometriosis and cancer (7-9). Leukocytes and OvulationThe past two decades of research have demonstrated the participation of different subsets of leukocytes and their secreted products (e.g. cytokines, and chemokines) in the ovulatory process (10) in different animal models, mainly rodents (in vivo, in vitro perfused ovaries, etc.) but also studies in humans (11 and references therein).The question of whether leukocytes should be classified as "invaders" or not was raised previously 16 yr ago by Norman and Brannstrom (12). We now finally seem to have the answer. In this issue of Endocrinology, Oakley (35) and coworkers provide us with new information on the quantity and origin of leukocytes in the ovulatory process. In their study, by using two different rat models, they confirm previous observations of the increase of leukocytes in the theca layers and surrounding stroma of the ovulating follicle. Most previous studies have quantified the number of leukocytes by counting labeled cells in tissue sections or identified a single subpopulation of leukocytes by flow cytometry (13). In the present study, the total number of leukocytes, as well as subgroups thereof, were measured by flow cytometric analysis and compared with the total number of cells in the ovary. Several interesting observations were made. First, the number of leukocytes at "baseline" residing in the adult rat ovary, before the ovulatory surge of LH, was approximately 500,000, which represents one quarter of the total number of ovarian cells. These "resident cells" were mainly neutrophils, and their proportion was not affected by the estrus cycle, except during the ovulatory period. Second, within hours after the endogenous LH surge in cycling rats or administration of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin primed immature rats, the number of leukocytes doubled (cycling) or increased 5-fold (pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin primed), mainly of the macrophage/monocyte linage. This is in line with previous observations demonstrating an increase of macrophages in the thecal layers of preovulatory follicles in rodents (14, 15) and humans (16...

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“…An enlarged pregnant uterus would reduce the volume of the pelvic and abdominal cavity, increasing the spleen tissue fragility. In addition, the increased estrogen and progesterone levels during pregnancy represent high-risk factors for spleen rupture during pregnancy[ 20 , 21 ]. Therefore, spontaneous splenic rupture during pregnancy is more common in multiple pregnancies and late pregnancy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intra-abdominal hemorrhage during pregnancy: Four case reports

Yang¹,

Liu²,

Long³

2020

WJCC

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BACKGROUND Intra-abdominal hemorrhage during pregnancy is a rare and dangerous complication of pregnancy. In this article, we report 4 cases of intra-abdominal hemorrhage during pregnancy, including the spontaneous rupture of uterine veins, spontaneous rupture of liver, rupture of external iliac vessel branch, and rupture of right renal hamartoma. CASE SUMMARY The clinical manifestations of three patients lacked specificity, and the localization of the bleeding was not clear prior to surgery. All 4 pregnant women were successfully treated, while only one full-term infant survived. CONCLUSION There are diverse causes of intra-abdominal hemorrhage during pregnancy in clinic, and it is clinically characterized by acute abdominal pain during pregnancy. Clear diagnosis before surgery is rather difficult. Early diagnosis, timely and appropriate treatment and surgery, and multidisciplinary cooperation are key to saving pregnant females’ lives and improving the outcomes of perinatal infants.

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Maternal Spleen Size Throughout Normal Pregnancy

Cited by 25 publications

References 5 publications

Evidence that CD8 T‐cell homeostasis and function remain intact during murine pregnancy

Evidence that CD8 T‐cell homeostasis and function remain intact during murine pregnancy

Invaders from the Spleen: An Unexpected Origin of the Leukocytes Participating in Ovulation

Intra-abdominal hemorrhage during pregnancy: Four case reports

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