“…PCSE affects central nervous system (CNS) development, predisposing the offspring to neurobehavioral deficits manifested as irritability and difficult temperament during infancy and poor self-regulation during childhood (Stroud et al, 2009). PCSE is consistently associated with behaviors such as hyperactivity and attention deficits (Button et al, 2005; Kotimaa et al, 2003; Langley et al, 2008; Thapar et al, 2003), and predicts other difficulties in self-regulation, such as aggressive behavior (Brion et al, 2010; Carter et al, 2008; Cornelius et al, 2007; Day et al, 2000; Gatzke-Kopp and Beauchaine, 2007; Huijbregts et al, 2008; Ruckinger et al, 2010), antisocial behavior (Ernst et al, 2001; Wakschlag et al, 2002) and conduct problems in childhood (Baler et al, 2008; Fergusson et al, 2007; Maughan et al, 2004) and adolescence (Wakschlag et al, 2002, 2006). However, few studies have examined the relations between PCSE and these outcomes in young adulthood.…”