Maternal smoking and fetal breathing movements

Alterations in cholinergic sensitivity of respiratory neurons induced by pre-natal nicotine: a mechanism for respiratory dysfunction in neonatal mice

“…In fact, infants who died from SIDS had previously shown alterations of their breathing patterns during sleep (Schechtman et al 1991;Kahn et al 1992). Moreover, infant victims of SIDS or infants born of mothers who smoked showed a high incidence of central respiratory dysfunctions (Brady & McCann 1985), a major number of central apnoeas (Gennser et al 1975;Kahn et al 1988;Schechtman et al 1991), diminished chemoreflexes (Shannon et al 1977;Ueda et al 1999) and decreased spontaneous and evoked arousability (Newman et al 1989;Schechtman et al 1992;Lewis & Bosque 1995;Tirosh et al 1996;Kahn et al 2002Kahn et al , 2003Horne et al 2004). Anatomical and pathological studies of children with SIDS suggest that there are alterations in brainstem respiratory chemosensory nuclei (Kinney et al 2001;Nattie & Kinney 2002).…”

Fetale Atembewegungen bei Übertragung, Wachstumsretardierung und unter Nikotineinfluss

“…Von besonderem Interesse sind diejenigen Ursachen, die zu einer Beein trächtigung des fetomaternalen Austausches im intervillösen Raum führen kön nen, sei es auf künstliche Art (Nikotin: 16,35, 47, 50), durch vorzeitige Alterung der Plazenta (plazentare Insuffizienz: 9, 73, 75, 77, 78) oder durch natürliche Alterung der Plazenta (Übertragung: 16. 72).…”

“…Mittei lung, 1979;16) oder nach etwa 30 min (Gennser, persönl. Mitteilung, 1979;47, 48 (34,35,48 Mouvements respiratoires foetaux en cas de dépassement de terme, de retard de croissance et sous influence de la nicotine Une courbe de l'évolution de la respiration foetale a été établie sur la base d'observa tions portant sur 96 grossesses normales. Celle-ci a permis de comparer les résultats obtenus dans 21 cas de dépassement de terme, 12 cas de retard de croissance foetale et chez 30 fumeuses.…”

What do we know about the role of pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation before or during pregnancy?

“…Collectively, these studies show that chewing 2 mg nicotine gum increases plasma nicotine by 2.9 ng/ml, 4 mg increases nicotine concentrations by 4.4 -9.2 ng/ml, and 8 mg gum increases nicotine concentrations by 14.9 ng/ml (i.e., chewing 2 pieces of 4 mg gum simultaneously; Gennser, Marsal, & Brantmark, 1975 ;Lindblad & Marsal, 1987 ;Manning & Feyerabend, 1976 ). The increase in nicotine levels observed with the 8 mg dose is similar to concentrations observed with smoking one or two cigarettes ( Gennser et al, 1975 ;Oncken et al, 1996 ). Together, these data suggest that smoking a single cigarette produces higher nicotine concentrations than those observed after chewing a piece of 2 mg gum.…”