Maternal serum CFHR4 protein as a potential non-invasive marker of ventricular septal defects in offspring: evidence from a comparative proteomics study

Abstract

Background Despite advances in diagnosis of congenital heart defects, there is no non-invasive biomarker clinically available for the early detection of fetal ventricular septal defects (VSD). Methods This study was to profile differentially expressed proteins (DEP) in the first trimester maternal plasma samples that were collected in the 12th–14th week of gestation and identify potential biomarkers for VSD. Maternal plasma samples of ten case–control pairs of women (who had given birth to an isolated VSD infant or not) were selected from a birth cohort biospecimen bank for identifying DEPs by using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based comparative proteomics. Results There were 35 proteins with significantly different levels between cases and controls, including 9 upregulated and 26 downregulated proteins. With Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment, and protein–protein interaction analyses, most of the DEPs were clustered in pathways related to B cell-mediated immune responses, complement activation, and phagocytosis. Three DEPs were validated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in another set of samples consisting of 31 cases and 33 controls. And CFHR4, a key regulator in complement cascades, was found to be significantly upregulated in cases as compared to controls. Conclusions Subsequent logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic analysis suggested maternal serum CFHR4 as a promising biomarker of fetal VSD. Further studies are warranted to verify the findings.