“…These factors could affect prenatal maternal RF. Maternal characteristics that have been negatively related to RF include psychiatric illness (Fonagy & Luyten, ; Levinson & Fonagy, ; Perry, Newman, Hunter, & Dunlop, ; Toth, Rogosch, & Cicchetti, ), substance use during pregnancy (Pajulo et al., ), single parenthood (Huth‐Bocks, Levendosky, Bogat, & Von Eye, ), unavailability of support from family and friends (Larney, Cousens, & Nunn, ; Sadler et al., ; Smith, ), scarcity of material resources (e.g., regarding housing or financially), and low educational attainment (Pajulo, Helenius, & Mayes, ; Rosenblum, McDonough, Sameroff, & Muzik, ; Sadler et al., ; Theran et al., ; Vrieze, ). These factors also have been used to define risk status with respect to child sociobehavioral outcomes (World Health Organization, ).…”